A comprehensive review on traditional therapeutic uses, bioactive principles and pharmacological activities of Kantakari (Solanum virginianum L.): An important Ayurvedic herb

Solanum virginianum L., a perennial wild plant, belongs to the 'Dashamoola' group in Ayurveda. 'Kantkari Ghrita' in Charaka Samhita is used for cough, cold, fever, asthma, and cardiac diseases. 'Dasmul Asava' and 'Dashmularishta' are tonics for lactating mothers. Inflammatory disorders, rheumatism, and diabetes are traditionally treated using leaf juice and fruits. Various plant parts contain bioactive compounds like solamargine, solasonine, campesterol, ?-sitosterol, cycloartenol, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, etc. Roots, flowers, stems, and fruits are used for their medicinal properties such as carminative, febrifuge, expectorant, diuretic, and bitter tonic effects. They are employed to treat cough, asthma, fever, toothache, tuberculosis, rheumatism, sore throat, kidney disorders, gonorrhea, vesicular eruptions, and burning sensation in the feet. Different extracts from various plant parts exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antinociceptive, antispermatogenic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. This study reviews 37 relevant research articles to comprehensively explore the plant's traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological properties in both in-vitro and in-vivo settings, along with their mechanisms of action.