Early medieval glass smoothers as a manifestation of the spread of Christianity in Mainland Europe

Abstract Archaeology has been attempting to explain the purpose of medieval hemispherical artefacts called glass smoothers, found in much of Europe, for a century and a half. The oldest and most widespread opinion considers them to be tools designed for the care of clothing. This article presents the results of SEM observations of the surface of selected specimens. The identification of streaks of non-ferrous, especially precious metals, shows that they were intended for another purpose. After discussing the anthropological contexts, including burial finds, the authors conclude that glass smoothers were developed and primarily intended for gilding murals with metal leaves. The inertness of glass to mercury also made it possible to use these artefacts in another method of gilding – amalgamation. It was the contact with precious metal that justified the transformation of a glass smoother on the occasion of a funeral from a working tool into an object with symbolic value. Therefore, the occurrence of glass smoothers in graves cannot be associated with the activities of the deceased individual.