Anatomical variations of the human ossicular chain in south indian population: morphometry and morphology

Introduction: The middle ear consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes. The otologic surgeons need to have a thorough knowledge of anatomical details and variations to provide better operative results and for surgical maneuvers. The present study aimed to analyze the morphological variation and morphometry of the ear ossicles and compare the parameters with those reported in previous studies. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 28 mallei, 26 incus, and 20 stapes obtained from the cadavers allotted for dissection. Measurements were documented, and the morphological variations were analyzed. Results: The average of the parameters showed that the malleus was 7.59 mm in total length with an angle of 130°; the manubrium was 4.65 mm, the total length of the head and neck was 5.01 mm, and the average weight was 21.50 mg. The incus had a total length and width of 6.37 and 4.89 mm, respectively; a maximal distance of 5.97 mm between the tips with an angle of 101° and weighed an average of 23.81 mg. The stapes had a total length of 3.36 mm, with the stapedial base being 2.83 mm in length and 1.41 mm in width, and weighed an average of 3.16 mg. Discussion and Conclusion: The ossicular chain shows great variations in measurements and morphology. Hence, a thorough anatomical knowledge of the human ossicular chain is required for clinicians for surgical maneuvers and for designing prosthetics to replace the adult middle ear ossicles.