基于风险导向的水下人为噪声对海洋生态系统影响研究方法

N. Malyarenko
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摘要

研究对象和目的。本文讨论了人为水下噪声对海洋生态系统的影响。研究的目的是研究在海洋生态系统方面应用风险导向方法确定人为水下噪声环境影响的国际实践,并讨论引入基于生态系统的人为水下噪声管理的风险管理工具和概念模型,包括北极地区。主题和方法。本文以KSRC开发的系统材料、国际风险管理标准以及该领域的俄罗斯和外国出版物为基础。本研究采用系统分析方法。主要的结果。本研究采用环境风险管理的方法,分析了有关评估水下人为噪音对海洋生态系统影响的国际调查结果。报告还讨论了评估海洋噪音污染的概念性方法。本文以船舶噪声对鲸鱼的影响为例,讨论了区域环境风险评价。研究认为,基于风险和生态系统导向的方法在人工水下噪声管理中是可能和可行的,以保护俄罗斯海洋的生物多样性和环境状况。结论。国际上的项目和计划在研究人为水下噪声对海洋生态系统影响的方法中依赖于基于风险的评估。俄罗斯需要在风险导向的方法论和实践基础上建立自己的水下人为噪声管理科学依据。
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Risk-oriented approach as a research method for the effect of man-made underwater noise upon marine ecosystems
Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses the effect of man-made underwater noise upon marine ecosystems. The purpose was to investigate the international practice of applying the risk-oriented approach to determination of environmental impact for man-made underwater noise in terms of marine ecosystems, as well as to discuss the introduction of risk management tools and conceptual models of ecosystem-based management of man-made underwater noise, including the Arctic areas. Subject matter and methods. This paper is based upon the methodical materials developed by KSRC, international risk management standards, as well as Russian and foreign publications in this field. The study relies on system analysis methods. Main results. The study analysed the results of international investigations regarding the assessment of man-made underwater noise effect upon marine ecosystems using the methodology of environmental risk management. It also discussed conceptual approaches to the assessment of marine noise pollution. As a case study, this paper discussed a regional environmental risk assessment in terms of shipping noise effect upon whales. The study concludes that risk-based and ecosystem-oriented approaches are possible and practicable to apply in man-made underwater noise management so as to preserve biodiversity and environmental status of Russian seas. Conclusion. International projects and programs rely on risk-based assessments in their approaches to the investigation of man-made underwater noise effect upon marine ecosystems. Russia needs its own scientific basis for man-made underwater noise management based on the methodology and practice of risk-oriented approach.
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