4D Printing Technology Based on Magnetic Intelligent Materials: Materials, Processing Processes, and Application.

4D printing technology refers to the manufacturing of products using 3D printing techniques that are capable of changing shape or structure in response to external stimuli. Compared with traditional 3D printing, the additional dimension is manifested in the time dimension. Facilitated by the advancement of magnetic smart materials and 3D printing technology, magnetically controlled 4D printing technology has a wide range of application prospects in many fields such as medical treatment, electronic flexible devices, and industrial manufacturing. Magnetically controlled 4D printing technology is a new scientific research field in the 21st century, which includes but is not limited to the following disciplines: mechanics, materials, dynamics, physics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. It involves many fields and needs to be summarized systematically. First, this article introduces various magnetic intelligent materials, which are suitable for magnetically controlled 4D printing, and discusses their programmability. Second, regarding the printing process, the article introduces how to preset the material distribution as well as the research progress about the optimization of magnetically controlled 4D printing platforms and the distribution of magnetic field profiles. Third, the article also makes a brief introduction to the applications of magnetically controlled 4D printing technology in medical, electronic flexible devices, and industrial manufacturing fields.