Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for three-dimensional flow of a viscoelastic fluid on an exponentially stretching surface

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the three-dimensional boundary-layer flow over an exponentially stretching surface in two parallel ways. Constitutive equations of a second-grade fluid are used. Instead of classical Fourier’s law, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model is employed for the formulation of the energy equation. This model can predict the effects of thermal relaxation time on the boundary layer. The resulting partial differential equations are reduced into ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to solve the non-linear problem. Physical impact of emerging parameters on the momentum and thermal boundary-layer thickness are studied.