Estimating mammal density from track counts collected by Indigenous Amazonian hunters

Monitoring programs must produce reliable estimates of animal population density to effectively guide management decisions and conservation action. Popular methods used to estimate density rely on visual encounters which are difficult to obtain for many large-bodied mammals in tropical forests. This study uses the Formozov-Malyshev-Pereleshin (FMP) method to produce density estimates for four terrestrial mammals based on track counts collected by Indigenous hunters in the Amazon. The focal species include collared peccary (Peccari tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and jaguar (Panthera onca). For each species, track detections were greater than visual detections and were found on more transects with a fewer number of surveys. Density estimates were produced for each focal species in hunted and nonhunted sites. These results were compared against the median of 84 density estimates located in the literature that differentiated between hunted and nonhunted sites in the Amazon. Results demonstrate that the FMP method is a reasonable and cost-efficient method. This method can directly engage Indigenous and other local peoples in research, as opposed to replacing their skills with technologies or professional biologists. Overall, this method complements traditional transect surveys and can improve our understanding and management of wildlife across the tropics.