Elementary biomechanics for the orthopaedic trainee

An understanding of biomechanics underpins our appreciation of the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system and informs clinical decisions and treatment choices. Since it is so fundamental it frequently features in end-of-training examinations in trauma and orthopaedic surgery, often in questions testing higher order thinking in which knowledge of the basics is assumed and it is the application of these principles that is the focus. This article arms the trainee with these basics, starting with the application of Newtonian principles to statics and dynamics, applying these and then introducing material properties including the viscoelastic tissues that build the musculoskeletal system.