维果斯基的认知理论。列夫·S·维果茨基,《心理学与认知理论》,梅丹斯基,安德烈·D.编。

IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY VOPROSY FILOSOFII Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI:10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-42-59
Andrei D. Maidansky, O. Kravtsov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文从维果茨基的方法论和心理学思想的发展脉络出发,对其手稿《心理学与认知理论》进行研究。这部作品的原始版本可以非常肯定地追溯到1932年。呈现的方式,尤其是最后的修订,受到了反对包括维果茨基在内的主要儿童心理学家的意识形态运动的影响。他试图通过大量引用列宁和马克思的手稿来为自己辩护,但却以一种相当奇特的方式解读他们的话。因此,维果茨基将马克思所指出的人与动物之间的差异投射到儿童的智力发展过程中。维果茨基将这种发展的一般标准定义为“将儿童与现实分离的阶段”,从自我意识的行为和对周围世界中个体事物的“无差别概念”的形成开始。维果茨基认识到儿童心理发展史与人类认知史的基本一致性,但他对儿童吸收文化遗产的心理形式的特殊性持保留态度。对儿童心理发展问题的两种不同的解决方案受到了批评——自然主义(皮亚杰)和主观主义(沃尔科特)。在维果茨基的文化和历史观念中,思维的发展本质上是社会过程。一个孩子没有一分钟是在社会之外度过的;他所有的认知活动和智力发展,从头到尾,都是在他人的指导下进行的,都是根据儿童完全融入其中的文化规范进行的。正如皮亚杰所相信的那样,自然心理功能并没有被文化功能所取代,而是服从文化功能,转向文化(其手段是符号-象征)的工作模式。维果茨基理论中的这一“工具”部分,以及他当时正在研究的“动态语义系统”的新学说,都留在了他的手稿中;同时,它们在他的心理学认识论中也占有重要的地位。《心理学与认知理论》的正文和出版商的注释由ad . Maidansky编写。方括号内的插入部分属于出版商,保留了作者的标点符号。
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Lev Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognition. Vygotsky, Lev S., Psychology and Theory of Cognition, Maidansky, Andrei D., ed.
The article is devoted to the study of L.S. Vygotsky’s manuscript “Psychology and Theory of Cognition” in the context of the development of his methodolo­gical and psychological ideas. The original version of the work can be dated with high certainty to 1932. The way of presentation and especially of the final revi­sion was influenced by the ideological campaign that had begun against leading child psychologists, including Vygotsky. He tried to build a defence by quoting copiously from the manuscripts of Lenin and Marx, but interpreting their words in a rather peculiar way. Thus, Vygotsky projects the difference between man and animal, as indicated by Marx, onto the process of mental development of the child. Vygotsky makes the general criterion of this development “the stages of separating the child from reality”, starting with the act of self-awareness and the formation of “undifferentiated notions” about individual things in the sur­rounding world. Vygotsky recognizes the fundamental compliance of the history of the child’s mental development with the history of human cognition, but with an essential reservation regarding the specificity of the psychological forms in which the child assimilates the cultural heritage. Two alternative solutions to the problem of the child’s mental development are criticized – naturalistic (J. Piaget) and subjectivist (H. Volkelt). In Vygotsky’s cultural and historical concept, the development of thinking is the essentially social process. A child does not spend a minute of his life outside of society; all his cognitive activity and mental development, from beginning to end, proceed under the guidance of other people, according to the norms of the culture in which the child is com­pletely absorbed. Natural mental functions are not supplanted by cultural ones, as Piaget believed, but obey them, switching to cultural (sign-symbolic in their means) modes of work. This “instrumental” part of Vygotsky’s theory, as well as his new doctrine of “dynamic semantic systems”, on which he was working at about the same time, remained behind the scenes in his manuscript; mean­while, they play an important role in his psychological theory of knowledge. The text of “Psychology and Theory of Cognition” with the publisher’s notes was prepared by A.D. Maidansky. The inserts in square brackets belong to the pub­lisher, the author’s punctuation has been preserved.
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来源期刊
VOPROSY FILOSOFII
VOPROSY FILOSOFII PHILOSOPHY-
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
50.00%
发文量
100
期刊介绍: "Вопросы философии" - академическое научное издание, центральный философский журнал в России. В настоящее время является органом Президиума Российской Академии Наук. Журнал "Вопросы философии" исторически тесно связан с Институтом философии РАН. Выходит ежемесячно. Журнал был основан в июле 1947 г. Интернет-версия журнала запущена в мае 2009 года.
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