拉丁美洲的政治制度和决策过程

IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI:10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0302
Sebastián Saiegh
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引用次数: 0

摘要

关于制度规则和政治实践如何影响拉丁美洲政府采取公共政策的能力的系统研究是相对较新的。几十年来,该地区短暂而不稳定的民主经历混淆了政治在决策过程中的作用。政策分析的动机往往是政府应该做什么,而不是政府可以做什么。随着20世纪80年代拉丁美洲民主的恢复,认为一套特定的“最佳政策”应该或可以在所有政治困难的情况下实施的观点变得站不住脚。在随后的十年里,随着“华盛顿共识”引发的经济改革席卷该地区,学者和政策制定者对公共政策的时间、顺序和实施越来越担忧。然而,事实证明,这种方法不足以充分理解政治可行性,也不足以充分了解该地区讨论、批准和实施公共政策的实际过程。2000年代,主要的发展组织,尤其是美洲开发银行,发起了一项关于政策政治的全面、反思性研究议程。从那时起,出现了大量研究不同宪法结构、立法机构、选举规则、官僚机构、党派组织和利益集团如何影响拉丁美洲公共政策的文献。以下参考书目列出了一些一般性主题,以及每个主题中可参考的几个来源,供那些对政治如何影响拉丁美洲政策感兴趣的读者参考
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Political Institutions and the Policymaking Process in Latin America
The systematic study of how institutional rules and political practices influence the capacity of Latin American governments to adopt public policies is of relatively recent vintage. For decades, the fleeting and unstable democratic experiences in the region obfuscated the role of politics in the policymaking process. Policy analysis was more often than not motivated by the question of what governments should do rather what governments could do. With the restoration of democracy in Latin America in the 1980s, the view that a given set of “optimal policies” should or could be implemented against all political odds became untenable. In the ensuing decade, as the economic reforms inspired by the “Washington Consensus” swept the region, a growing concern with the timing, sequencing, and implementation of public policies materialized among both scholars and policymakers. This approach, however, proved insufficient to fully understand the political feasibility, but also the actual process by which public policies are discussed, approved, and implemented in the region. In the 2000s, a comprehensive, soul-searching research agenda about the politics of policies was launched by the leading development organizations, most notably, the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). Since then, a voluminous literature studying how different constitutional structures, legislative institutions, electoral rules, bureaucracies, partisan organizations, and Interest Groups influence public policies in Latin America has emerged. The following bibliography identifies some general topics, as well as several sources to consult within each topic, for those readers interested in how politics shape policies in Latin America
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来源期刊
Political Science
Political Science POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: Political Science publishes high quality original scholarly works in the broad field of political science. Submission of articles with a regional focus on New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific is particularly encouraged, but content is not limited to this focus. Contributions are invited from across the political science discipline, including from the fields of international relations, comparative politics, political theory and public administration. Proposals for collections of articles on a common theme or debate to be published as special issues are welcome, as well as individual submissions.
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