An empirical survey of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interfaces

Abstract Objectives The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is modified using the Motor Imagery (MI) and it is utilized for patients with high motor impairments. Hence, the direct relationship between the computer and brain is termed as an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). The objective of this survey is to presents an analysis of the existing distinct BCIs based on EEG. Methods This survey provides a detailed review of more than 60 research papers presenting the BCI-based EEG, like motor imagery-based techniques, spatial filtering-based techniques, Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP)-based techniques, machine learning-based techniques, Event-Related Potential (ERP)-based techniques, and online EEG-based techniques. Subsequently, the research gaps and issues of several EEG-based BCI systems are adopted to help the researchers for better future scope. Results An elaborative analyses as well as discussion have been provided by concerning the parameters, like evaluation metrics, year of publication, accuracy, implementation tool, and utilized datasets obtained by various techniques. Conclusions This survey paper exposes research topics on BCI-based EEG, which helps the researchers and scholars, who are interested in this domain.