十六世纪路德神学家和法学家对秘密婚姻的重新定义

IF 0.8 3区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Law and History Review Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI:10.1017/S073824802300010X
P. Astorri
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要在中世纪的天主教会中,“秘密订婚”一词与没有证人、庄严和其他仪式有关。父母同意不是订婚或结婚的法律要求,而订婚或结婚是基于配偶的自由决定。然而,马丁·路德认为,双方的意愿是不够的,因为这对夫妇是由上帝加入的,上帝的意愿反映在父母的同意中。路德希望父母成为公共权威,因此他提出了一个不同的秘密婚姻定义,将没有证人和没有父母批准结合起来。中世纪的牧师列举了许多类型的秘密订婚。然而,在他们的论文中,法学家约翰内斯·施奈德文、康拉德·毛瑟和约阿希姆·冯·贝斯特将路德的定义翻译成了法律术语,将秘密订婚的类型减少到只有两种。第一种类型,证人缺席,除了一些例外,继续受到教会法的规范。第二个问题是缺乏父母的认可,由根据《圣经》重新解释的罗马法律管辖。Bellarmine枢机主教批评这一定义令人困惑,促使路德神学家Paul Tarnov和Johann Gerhard回答说,“秘密”获得了一个新的含义:违反了强制父母批准的法律。
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The Redefinition of Clandestine Marriage by Sixteenth-Century Lutheran Theologians and Jurists
Abstract Within the medieval Catholic Church, the term ‘clandestine betrothal’ was associated with the absence of witnesses, solemnities, and other formalities. Parental consent was not a legal requirement for betrothal or marriage, which was based on the free decision of the spouses. However, Martin Luther held that the will of the parties was not sufficient, because the couple was joined by God, and God’s will was reflected in parental consent. Luther intended the parents to be a public authority, and he therefore proposed a different definition of clandestine marriage that combined the absence of witnesses with the lack of parental approval. Medieval canonists had enumerated numerous types of clandestine betrothal. However, in their treatises, the jurists Johannes Schneidewin, Conrad Mauser, and Joachim von Beust translated Luther’s definition into legal terms, reducing the types of clandestine betrothal to only two. The first type, absence of witnesses, continued to be regulated by canon law, with some exceptions. The second, lack of parental approval, was governed by Roman law reinterpreted according to Scripture. Cardinal Bellarmine criticized this definition as confused, prompting the Lutheran theologians Paul Tarnov and Johann Gerhard to reply that ‘clandestine’ had acquired a new meaning: violation of the law imposing parental approval.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.10
自引率
12.50%
发文量
42
期刊介绍: Law and History Review (LHR), America"s leading legal history journal, encompasses American, European, and ancient legal history issues. The journal"s purpose is to further research in the fields of the social history of law and the history of legal ideas and institutions. LHR features articles, essays, commentaries by international authorities, and reviews of important books on legal history. American Society for Legal History
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