The perfect match? Assessment of excess commute and transport externalities using an agent-based transport model

Abstract Excess commute (EC) refers to the sub-optimal allocation of workers to jobs in an urban region in terms of minimal commute distances. This article investigated EC for the Munich metropolitan area using a microscopic agent-based modeling suite. We first considered the optimization strategy, comparing the traditional zone-based transportation problem to a microscopic routine. Zone-based optimization is computationally efficient, but it underestimates EC due to spatial biases, even when the zone system is highly disaggregate. We then applied the optimized job-worker assignment to a microscopic travel demand model, assigning workers to jobs of the same job sector at a shorter distance from their home, accounting for multi-worker households. With shorter commutes, there was a substantial shift toward active modes. However, we only observed moderate impacts on total travel demand, with the overall effect dampened due to compensatory behavior between mandatory and discretionary travel. Finally, the outputs from the demand model were used by a microscopic assignment model to calculate externalities attributable to EC. Because of the complexity of travel demand, we conclude that the EC indicator alone would overestimate the benefits of policies targeting jobs-housing balance.