Particulate bone graft materials for periodontal and implant surgery: A narrative review and case series

Predictable three-dimensional repair of the lost periodontal tissues due to disease remains to be the goal of periodontal therapy. The dynamic process of periodontal regeneration uses particulate bone graft from various sources that function as scaffolds facilitating attachment, induction, and regeneration. Historical reports have documented the use of bone grafts with or without barrier membranes to achieve positive outcomes for periodontal regeneration and reconstruction of alveolar ridge prior to implant placement. Particulate bone grafts can be defined based on their source of obtainment as autografts, allografts, xenografts and alloplasts. Autografts and allografts have human origins, where autografts are tissues transplanted within the same individual from one part of the body to another and allografts are those that are surgically transplanted from one individual to another. Xenografts are tissues that are transplanted from one species to another. Alloplasts on the other hand are synthetic/ man-made and are manufactured from various materials to facilitate guided tissue and bone regeneration. This narrative review focuses on particulate bone grafts and bone substitutes used in regenerative and reconstructive surgical dental therapies with supporting case presentations.