Frequency matters in second language acquisition too! Frequency effects in the production of preterit morphology with state verbs in Spanish second language learners and heritage speakers

The feature reassembly approach to second language acquisition research has been influential in laying the groundwork for recent theories of heritage languages. Lexical frequency has emerged as an important variable in recent studies within a feature-oriented approach to heritage language acquisition, but the focus on frequency has not yet received considerable attention with second language learners. To determine whether lexical frequency affects both populations of bilinguals, 51 adult heritage speakers and 40 second language learners of Spanish carried out a production task concerning preterit aspect morphology with state verbs of varying frequency, which represents an area of the Spanish aspectual system that is challenging for bilingual populations to acquire. Heritage speakers and second language learners were highly similar in their production tendencies: lower-proficiency speakers used the preterit with the least-frequent state verbs, while more proficient speakers in both groups showed less sensitivity to frequency, despite overall chance levels of preterit production. These findings extend recent research on Spanish as a heritage language by showing that second language learners are also influenced by frequency in their production of aspect morphology.