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Form, function, and change in chinese two-plus-two idioms: a diachronic corpus analysis 汉语二加二习语的形式、功能与变化：历时语料库分析

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104118

Haoran Yang , Andrew H.C. Chuang

This study investigates the two-plus-two (2 + 2) construction in Chinese four-character idioms (FCIs) from the perspective of Radical Construction Grammar (Croft, 2001), with a focus on the relationship between internal structure and propositional act functions—namely reference, predication, and modification. Specifically, it examines the syntactic and functional distinctions between interchangeable and non-interchangeable idioms, and how these differences have evolved diachronically from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) to the Minguo period (1912–1949 CE). Drawing on data from the Xinhua Dictionary of Idioms (XDI), the BLCU Corpus (BCC), and the PKU Centre for Chinese Linguistics (CCL), the study analyses 428 interchangeable and 428 non-interchangeable idioms, totalling over 17,000 occurrences across historical stages. Statistical modelling—including chi-square tests, conditional inference trees, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA)—reveals that interchangeable idioms tend to exhibit structural symmetry, enabling word-order flexibility, while non-interchangeable idioms more frequently display asymmetry, often constrained by iconicity, particularly in verb-phrase constructions. Diachronic analysis further shows that interchangeable idioms undergo a linear functional shift, increasingly serving as modifiers in Modern Mandarin, whereas non-interchangeable idioms follow a non-linear trajectory, favouring predication over time. These findings demonstrate that structural properties and cognitive constraints play a significant role in shaping idiom flexibility and functional evolution. By combining corpus-based methods with a constructional approach, this study advances our understanding of how idiomatic constructions participate in discourse and change over time, contributing to theoretical debates on symmetry, compositionality, and the discourse functions of fixed expressions in Chinese.

本研究从句法结构语法（Croft, 2001）的角度考察了汉语四字成语中的二加二（2 + 2）结构，重点研究了内部结构与命题行为功能（指称、谓语和修饰）之间的关系。具体来说，它考察了可互换和不可互换习语之间的句法和功能差异，以及这些差异从唐代（公元618-907年）到民国时期（公元1912-1949年）是如何演变的。根据《新华成语词典》（XDI）、北京语言大学语料库（BCC）和北京大学汉语语言学中心（CCL）的数据，该研究分析了428个可互换成语和428个不可互换成语，在各个历史阶段共出现超过1.7万次。统计模型——包括卡方检验、条件推理树和多重对应分析（MCA）——揭示了可互换成语往往表现出结构对称，使词序灵活，而不可互换成语更频繁地表现出不对称，通常受到象似性的限制，特别是在动词短语结构中。历时分析进一步表明，可互换习语经历了线性功能转变，在现代普通话中越来越多地充当修饰语，而不可互换习语则遵循非线性轨迹，随着时间的推移有利于预测。这些发现表明，结构特性和认知约束在习语的灵活性和功能演变中起着重要作用。本研究将基于语料库的研究方法与建构性研究方法相结合，深化了我们对习语结构如何参与语篇和随时间变化的理解，有助于对汉语固定表达的对称性、组合性和语篇功能的理论探讨。

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引用次数: 0

When scalarity meets cross-domain mapping: A corpus-based lexical-conceptual analysis of metaphorical hyperbole 当尺度性遇到跨域映射：基于语料库的隐喻夸张词汇概念分析

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104120

Joanna Zhuoan Chen, Kathleen Ahrens

Metaphor and hyperbole are traditionally treated as distinct tropes, yet they frequently co-occur in discourse, raising theoretical questions about the nature of metaphorical hyperbole. Despite increasing scholarly interest, the structural relationship between metaphor and hyperbole, particularly how they interact within a single lexical unit, remains an open question. Addressing this gap, the present study develops a lexical–conceptual account of metaphorical hyperbole and examines its linguistic realization in a corpus of promotional hospitality discourse. Through systematic lexical analysis, we identify the frequency, source domains, and linguistic realizations of metaphorical hyperbole in authentic texts. We demonstrate that metaphorical hyperbole arises when the metaphorical mapping provides the basis for scalar modification. We further distinguish two subtypes of metaphorical hyperbole based on whether encyclopedic knowledge is required to interpret the mapping. By elucidating the structural properties and usage patterns of metaphorical hyperbole, the study broadens the typological scope of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and underscores the importance of examining composite tropes that operate simultaneously rather than in isolation.

隐喻和夸张在传统上被视为不同的修辞，但它们在语篇中经常同时出现，这就提出了关于隐喻夸张本质的理论问题。尽管越来越多的学术兴趣，隐喻和夸张之间的结构关系，特别是它们如何相互作用在一个单一的词汇单位，仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。为了解决这一差距，本研究开发了隐喻夸张的词汇概念解释，并考察了其在促销酒店话语语料库中的语言实现。通过系统的词汇分析，我们确定了真实语篇中隐喻夸张的频率、源域和语言实现。我们证明，当隐喻映射为标量修饰提供基础时，就会出现隐喻夸张。基于是否需要百科知识来解释映射，我们进一步区分了隐喻夸张的两种子类型。通过阐释隐喻夸张的结构特征和使用模式，本研究拓宽了概念隐喻理论的类型学范围，强调了研究同时起作用而不是孤立作用的复合比喻的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Phonetic and phonological variation in Romance dialects: lenition, lexical conditioning, and a frequency-based mapping of /b β v/ 罗曼语方言的语音和音系变化：弱化、词汇条件和基于频率的/b β v/映射

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104119

Yohei Mishima

This study investigates how phonological contrast in Romance may be preserved, weakened, or neutralised under certain conditions, focusing on the phenomenon of betacism, a process whereby /b/ and /v/ (or /β/) tend to merge into a single phoneme. Whereas structural models have tended to treat betacism as a uniform shift, the findings suggest that the erosion of this contrast reflects interacting phonetic, lexical, and sociolinguistic pressures, including lenition, lexical conditioning, and contact-induced change. The analysis focuses on the realisation of /b β v/, showing how phonetic overlap and irregular patterns emerge through positional asymmetries and specific lexical items. The dataset draws on regional linguistic atlases from Romania, Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal. It applies a frequency-based mapping approach by integrating these atlases to document how the /b/-/v/ (or /b/-/β/) contrast varies across dialects and between word-initial and intervocalic contexts. Lexical identity and prosodic position appear to condition outcomes, which may be compatible with usage-based and contact-sensitive models of sound change. These findings also suggest the potential role of lexical irregularity in shaping phonological outcomes. The research provides a comprehensive empirical account of /b β v/ variation and outlines a framework that can serve as a replicable model for examining phonological contrast weakening through combined structural, lexical, and areal perspectives. It offers methodological tools that may inform broader discussions of phonological contrast beyond betacism, particularly through quantitative geolinguistic mapping.

本研究探讨了罗曼语中的音位对比在特定条件下是如何保持、减弱或中和的，重点研究了音位对比现象，即/b/和/v/（或/β/）倾向于合并成一个音位的过程。虽然结构模型倾向于将betacism视为一种统一的转变，但研究结果表明，这种对比的侵蚀反映了语音、词汇和社会语言压力的相互作用，包括弱化、词汇条件反射和接触诱发的变化。重点分析了/b β v/的实现，揭示了位置不对称和特定词汇项如何产生语音重叠和不规则模式。该数据集利用了罗马尼亚、意大利、法国、西班牙和葡萄牙的区域语言地图集。它采用基于频率的映射方法，通过整合这些地图集来记录/b/-/v/（或/b/-/β/）对比如何在方言之间以及单词开头和中间上下文之间变化。词汇同一性和韵律位置似乎是影响结果的条件，这可能与基于使用和接触敏感的声音变化模型相兼容。这些发现还表明，词汇不规则性在形成语音结果中的潜在作用。该研究提供了一个全面的/b β v/变化的实证解释，并概述了一个框架，可以作为一个可复制的模型，通过结合结构、词汇和区域的角度来研究语音对比减弱。它提供了方法论工具，可以为音系对比的广泛讨论提供信息，特别是通过定量的地理语言绘图。

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引用次数: 0

Children interpret simple disjunction conjunctively: evidence from Mandarin Chinese 儿童用连词解释简单的析词：来自普通话的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104116

Shiqi Zhu, Li Chen

It has been proposed that children often exhibit non-adult-like interpretations of simple disjunction. However, their precise comprehension of simple disjunction remains controversial. Early studies found that children interpret simple disjunction as conjunction. Conversely, later studies argued that this conjunctive interpretation arises from experimental artifacts, suggesting that children actually interpret simple disjunction inclusively when experiments incorporate prediction statements and additional objects. This study investigated Mandarin-speaking children’s comprehension of the simple disjunction huò ‘or’ through two experiments. Experiment 1 replicated the inclusive-result experiment, incorporating a conjunction control group. The results revealed an experimental artifact that led children to interpret both conjunction and disjunction inclusively. Experiment 2 introduced a new paradigm featuring three reward conditions, each corresponding to conjunctive, exclusive, and inclusive interpretations, thereby operationalizing the inclusive interpretation as an independent condition. The results indicated that children interpret the Mandarin Chinese simple disjunction huò conjunctively rather than inclusively. Furthermore, we proposed four accounts for children’s conjunctive interpretation: phonological similarity, conjunctive default, pre-exhaustification, and Innocent Inclusion.

有人提出，儿童经常表现出对简单分离的非成人式解释。然而，他们对简单析取的精确理解仍然存在争议。早期的研究发现，儿童将简单的分离理解为连接。相反，后来的研究认为，这种联合解释源于实验人工制品，这表明，当实验包含预测陈述和额外的物体时，儿童实际上会包容性地解释简单的分离。本研究通过两个实验考察了普通话儿童对huò“或”的理解。实验1重复包容结果实验，加入联合对照组。结果揭示了一个实验伪影，导致儿童解释包括连接和分离。实验2引入了一个新的范式，其中包含三个奖励条件，每个条件对应于连接解释、排他性解释和包容性解释，从而将包容性解释作为一个独立的条件进行操作。结果表明，儿童对汉语简单析词huò的解释是连词性的，而不是包涵性的。此外，我们提出了儿童连词解释的四种解释：语音相似性、连词默认、预耗尽和无辜包容。

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引用次数: 0

Adverb placement by Chinese EFL learners: A MuPDAR(F) approach 中国英语学习者的副词放置：一种MuPDAR(F)方法

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104095

Zhurun Li, Ying Huang

This study investigates stance adverb placement in academic argumentative writing by Chinese EFL learners compared to native English speakers. Previous work has mainly examined overall distribution or misplacement, with little focus on learners’ positional preferences. Traditional statistical methods assuming data independence also limit analysis of the multifactorial nature of adverb placement. To address this, the study applies Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis using Regression or Random Forests (MuPDAR(F)) to the placement of epistemic and style stance adverbs, by integrating syntactic, semantic, and discourse-level variables such as semantic coherence and sentiment value. The results show systematic learner deviations, most evident in M3 (the position following the main lexical verb), influenced by −ly suffixation, auxiliary presence, and L1 transfer from Chinese. Learners also overuse clause-initial high-certainty adverbs (e.g., absolutely), indicating less syntactic flexibility. Positive sentiment promotes more native-like placement, especially in M3 contexts. Findings highlight how syntactic and discourse factors interact in shaping stance adverb placement, refine second language (L2) morphosyntactic models, and suggest pedagogical strategies for mitigating L1 transfer and raising pragmatic awareness.

本研究比较了中国英语学习者和英语母语者在学术议论文写作中的立场副词位置。以前的工作主要是研究整体分布或错位，很少关注学习者的位置偏好。假设数据独立的传统统计方法也限制了对副词放置多因素性质的分析。为了解决这个问题，该研究通过整合句法、语义和话语层面的变量（如语义一致性和情感价值），将使用回归或随机森林（MuPDAR(F)）的多因素预测和偏差分析应用于认知和风格立场副词的位置。结果表明，受−ly后缀、助词存在和汉语母语迁移的影响，学习者的系统性偏差在M3（主要词汇动词后面的位置）上最为明显。学习者还过度使用从句开头的高确定性副词（如absolutely），这表明句法灵活性较差。积极的情绪促进了更多类似于母语的安置，尤其是在M3语境中。研究结果强调了句法和话语因素在副词位置形成中的相互作用，完善了第二语言（L2）形态句法模型，并提出了减轻母语迁移和提高语用意识的教学策略。

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引用次数: 0

A study on the acquisition of shape classifiers by Mandarin-speaking children 汉语儿童形状分类词习得的研究

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104106

Shaoshuai Wang, Yunqiu Zhang

This study investigates the acquisition of shape classifiers in Mandarin Chinese through a longitudinal analysis of spontaneous speech from two typically developing children. Despite individual differences, both children exhibited similar developmental patterns in the structural and functional use of classifiers. The findings reveal a three-stage developmental trajectory—emergence, expansion, and stabilization—characterized by increasing accuracy, diversification of co-occurrence patterns, and the gradual extension of classifier functions from basic counting to categorization, referential identification, and pragmatic marking of definiteness. Furthermore, analysis of error patterns, including substitution with the general classifier gè, overgeneralization, and semantic mismatches, highlights the interplay between input frequency and cognitive development in the acquisition process. Drawing on the usage-based framework, this study proposes a triadic input model that integrates linguistic form, communicative function, and contextual usage as the driving mechanism of classifier acquisition. These findings demonstrate that classifier acquisition is a dynamic process shaped by perceptual experience, linguistic input, and discourse context, offering empirical evidence for understanding the development of early Mandarin classifiers and important implications for instructional strategies in Mandarin classifier teaching.

本研究通过对两名正常发育儿童自发言语的纵向分析，探讨了汉语形状分类器的习得。尽管存在个体差异，但两名儿童在分类器的结构和功能使用方面表现出相似的发展模式。研究结果揭示了一个三个阶段的发展轨迹：出现、扩展和稳定，其特征是准确性的提高、共现模式的多样化，以及分类器功能从基本计数逐渐扩展到分类、参考识别和确定性的语用标记。此外，对错误模式的分析，包括使用通用分类器gè进行替换、过度泛化和语义不匹配，突出了输入频率与习得过程中认知发展之间的相互作用。基于基于使用的框架，本研究提出了一个集语言形式、交际功能和语境使用为一体的三元输入模型，作为分类器习得的驱动机制。这些研究结果表明，分类器习得是一个受感知经验、语言输入和话语语境影响的动态过程，为理解早期汉语分类器的发展提供了经验证据，并对汉语分类器教学策略具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Politeness as a participants’ matter: the interactive construction of apologies in Mandarin Chinese conversation 作为参与者的礼貌：汉语普通话会话中道歉的互动建构

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104105

Chase Wesley Raymond , Guodong Yu

The present study aims to expand our understanding of apologies in Mandarin Chinese by taking a conversation analytic (CA) approach to their use in naturally occurring discourse. In the context of debates about “Eastern” vs. “Western” worldviews and conceptualizations of politeness, and where Chinese politeness has arguably been transformed into a “testing ground” for Western politeness theories, CA offers an alternative path forward that is based in the demonstrated perspectives of the participants. Drawing on a collection of over 100 apology turns in natural interaction, we exemplify CA’s data-driven approach, first by describing our process of building a collection of apology actions from naturally occurring Chinese conversational corpora, and then through detailed examination of empirical examples. We bring together a range of sorts of evidence in support of a ‘principle of proportionality’ with regard to the construction of apology actions. The paper overall seeks to present a sort of methodological ‘primer’, exemplifying the use of CA methods to explore politeness-related phenomena in Chinese, with apology actions (and the sequences they engender) offering a concrete case-in-point for methodological reflection and illustration.

本研究旨在通过对话分析的方法来研究汉语道歉在自然语篇中的使用，从而扩大我们对汉语道歉的理解。在关于“东方”与“西方”的世界观和礼貌概念的争论背景下，中国的礼貌可以说已经转变为西方礼貌理论的“试验场”，CA提供了一个基于参与者展示观点的替代路径。利用自然交互中超过100个道歉动作的集合，我们举例说明了CA的数据驱动方法，首先描述了我们从自然发生的中文会话语料库中构建道歉动作集合的过程，然后通过对实证示例的详细检查。我们汇集了一系列证据来支持关于道歉行为的“相称性原则”。本文总体上试图呈现一种方法论的“入门”，举例说明使用CA方法来探索汉语中与礼貌相关的现象，道歉行为（及其产生的序列）为方法论反思和说明提供了具体的案例。

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引用次数: 0

A probabilistic phonology of the Philippine English mesolect: an optimality-theoretic and MaxEnt account 菲律宾英语中间选音的概率音系：一个优选理论和MaxEnt的解释

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104096

Teri An Joy Magpale

Phonological variation in Philippine English (PhilE) mesolect remains underexplored, particularly in how speakers adapt phonological choices across social domains like home, workplace, church, mall, and restaurant. This study examines how PhilE mesolect speakers alternate between acrolectal and basilectal forms. Using natural conversation data and stimuli-based elicitation, it analyzes phonological patterns through Optimality Theory (OT) to model constraint interactions and Maximum Entropy Grammar (MaxEnt) to quantify probabilistic variation. The findings reveal that domain-specific phonological shifts result from interactions between markedness and faithfulness constraints, with formal settings favoring marked forms and informal domains favoring unmarked forms. Probabilistic modeling highlights the gradient nature of these shifts, illustrating how PhilE mesolect speakers navigate linguistic norms to meet sociolinguistic expectations. This study advances the understanding of phonological variability in postcolonial Englishes and emphasizes the strategic adaptability of PhilE mesolect speakers in negotiating cultural and social identities within the framework of World Englishes.

菲律宾英语（PhilE）中语音的变化仍然没有得到充分的研究，特别是在说话者如何在家庭、工作场所、教堂、商场和餐馆等社会领域适应语音选择方面。本研究探讨了phili mesolect演讲者如何在肢端和基端形式之间交替。利用自然对话数据和基于刺激的启发，通过最优性理论（OT）分析语音模式来模拟约束交互，并通过最大熵语法（MaxEnt）来量化概率变化。研究结果表明，特定领域的语音变化是标记和忠诚约束之间相互作用的结果，正式环境倾向于标记形式，非正式领域倾向于未标记形式。概率模型强调了这些变化的梯度性质，说明了phili mesolect使用者如何驾驭语言规范以满足社会语言学的期望。本研究促进了对后殖民英语语音变异性的理解，并强调了在世界英语框架下，母语为母语的人在协商文化和社会身份时的策略适应性。

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引用次数: 0

The digital coloring page task for examining comprehension of passives in Mandarin-speaking children with DLD and autistic children 用数字涂色页测试普通话儿童和自闭症儿童对被动语态的理解

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104094

Jiao Du , Stephanie Durrleman , Xiaowei He , Haopeng Yu

Prior cross-linguistic investigations have reported that children diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) often struggle with long passive constructions, whereas results concerning children on the autism spectrum remain less conclusive. This study assessed passive sentence comprehension through a digital coloring task across four groups: children with DLD, children on the autism spectrum without language deficits (ALN), those with co-occurring language impairments (ALI), and age-matched typically developing controls (TD). Accuracy analyses confirmed clear group differences and a robust short-over-long passive advantage. Children with DLD and ALI exhibited significant syntactic and semantic difficulties in passives. Children in the ALN group achieved comprehension scores that were on par with their TD peers. Thematic role reversals were the most common errors, though observer errors occurred disproportionately in DLD and ALI. At the individual level, above-chance performance only on long passives was observed in a subset of children with ALI but not in DLD. The advantage for short over long passives can be accounted for by the Edge Feature Underspecification Hypothesis (EFUH), which predicts that intervention effects in long passives disrupt children’s ability to establish the required dependencies. Both children with DLD and those with ALI showed syntactic and semantic vulnerabilities, but only the latter group benefited from the presence of an overt post-bei agent. These findings demonstrate that the EFUH provides a principled account of the asymmetry between long and short passives in both DLD and ALI, while the observed divergences between these two groups offer clinically relevant insights for differential diagnosis and the design of tailored intervention approaches.

先前的跨语言研究报告称，被诊断为发展性语言障碍（DLD）的儿童经常在长被动结构上挣扎，而关于自闭症谱系儿童的研究结果仍然没有定论。本研究通过数字着色任务评估了四组儿童的被动句子理解能力：DLD儿童、无语言缺陷的自闭症儿童（ALN）、并发语言障碍儿童（ALI）和年龄匹配的典型发育对照组（TD）。准确性分析证实了明显的组差异和强大的短比长被动优势。DLD和ALI患儿在被动语态上表现出明显的句法和语义困难。ALN组的孩子获得的理解分数与他们的TD同龄人相当。主题角色转换是最常见的错误，尽管观察者错误在DLD和ALI中发生得不成比例。在个体水平上，只有一小部分ALI儿童在长被动语态上的表现高于机会，而在DLD中则没有。短被动比长被动的优势可以用边缘特征不足假设（EFUH）来解释，该假设预测长被动的干预效果会破坏儿童建立所需依赖的能力。DLD患儿和ALI患儿均表现出句法和语义上的弱点，但只有后者受益于明显的后bei代理的存在。这些发现表明，EFUH提供了DLD和ALI中长被动和短被动之间不对称的原则性解释，而这两组之间观察到的差异为鉴别诊断和量身定制的干预方法的设计提供了临床相关的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The evolutionary order of the macro-events: a case study of the diachronic evolution of 过-Guò in Chinese 宏观事件的演化顺序：以中文邮箱-Guò历时演化为例

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104092

Jiayu Yang , Fuyin Thomas Li

This study examines the diachronic evolutionary order of the macro-events by investigating the evolution of 过-Guò in Chinese. Through a comprehensive analysis of corpus data spanning from Archaic Chinese to Modern Mandarin, with a particular focus on Modern Chinese, this study elucidates a tangible evolutionary order of the macro-events, which can be roughly described as: motion events > events of state change/events of realization > events of temporal contouring. Notably, events of state change and events of realization are coordinate with each other, both deriving from motion events and subsequently grammaticalizing into events of temporal contouring. Additionally, 过-Guò in the “V+过-Guò” construction encoding events of temporal contouring further grammaticalized into an experiential marker. Events of action correlating have distinct origins, underscoring their unique evolutionary trajectories. Not only does the proposed evolutionary sequence of macro-events align with the common path of grammaticalization, but it is also substantiated by the concrete evidence of successive contexts that are well-documented in the corpus.

本研究通过考察中文中文邮箱-Guò的演化来考察宏观事件的历时性演化顺序。本研究通过对古汉语到现代汉语语料库数据的综合分析，特别是对现代汉语语料库数据的分析，阐明了宏观事件的具体演化顺序，大致可以描述为：运动事件>；状态变化事件/实现事件>；时间轮廓事件。值得注意的是，状态变化事件和实现事件是相互协调的，它们都来源于运动事件，然后在语法上转化为时间轮廓事件。此外，“V+ portal -Guò”结构中的portal -Guò编码的时间轮廓事件进一步语法化为经验标记。相互关联的行动事件有不同的起源，强调了它们独特的进化轨迹。所提出的宏观事件的进化顺序不仅与语法化的共同路径一致，而且还得到了语料库中有充分记录的连续上下文的具体证据的证实。

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引用次数: 0