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英文中文

An empirical study on parameters affecting the recoverability of deictic null subjects in Korean

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103913

Arum Park

Korean is a null subject language, allowing the omission of overt subjects in sentences. Within the framework of principle and parameter theory, Korean null subjects have traditionally been explained by the topic-drop parameter, which assumes that omitted subjects are recovered through topic chains linking them to an explicit discourse topic. However, this mechanism alone is insufficient to account for deictic null subjects, which primarily refer to the speaker or addressee and do not require a previously introduced topic. This study empirically and systematically evaluates the contribution of linguistic parameters within verbal complexes in resolving Korean deictic null subjects. A total of 208 heuristic rules were developed, integrating various morpho-syntactic and lexical features, and were incorporated into a unified null subject resolution system—the first attempt to comprehensively assess multiple parameters within a single system. The system was tested on 15,883 predicates containing null subjects, measuring the impact of each parameter in recovering discourse participant-referents. The system successfully identified 86% of discourse participant-related null subjects, achieving an accuracy rate of 99%. Additionally, an analysis of individual rule performance highlighted the crucial role of verbal suffixes in identifying and restoring deictic null subjects. These findings underscore the significance of explicit linguistic features in verbal complexes for the recoverability of deictic null subjects in Korean, particularly those linked to discourse participants.

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引用次数: 0

Bilingual influences and sources of variability in acceptability judgments: A case study of Chinese

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103911

Hai Hu , Aini Li , Yina Patterson , Jiahui Huang , Chien-Jer Charles Lin

The replicability of grammaticality judgments forms the foundation of data quality in linguistic research. Previous work has mostly focused on judgments from ideal “native speakers,” disregarding speakers of different language backgrounds. This study examines whether acceptability judgments in Chinese can be replicated by linguistically diverse native speakers, “monodialectal” and “multidialectal” speakers of Chinese, and then explores how various factors influence such judgments. First, we obtained a representative dataset by randomly sampling 337 minimal pairs from 68 journal articles on Chinese syntax from the past decade. Then, two groups of participants—monolingual Mandarin speakers from Beijing and Mandarin-Cantonese bilinguals from Guangzhou—completed an acceptability rating task (Experiment 1). Two forced-choice experiments (Experiments 2 and 3) were conducted to further examine the unreplicated pairs from Experiment 1. The results of these three experiments showed a convergence rate of 92% between our participants and the syntacticians who authored the examples. Importantly, the language backgrounds of the participants and the authoring syntacticians were not found to play a role in acceptability judgments, whereas sentence length and the language of the journals did. The multilingual status of Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals has a subtle but limited influence on judgments in Mandarin Chinese. We argue that the reliance on a monolingual “ideal” native speaker for eliciting judgments may have been overemphasized in linguistic research.

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引用次数: 0

On Korean progressive/perfect constructions

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103903

Kwang-sup Kim

It is well-known that the −ko iss- form in Korean is ambiguous, being interpreted as either a progressive reading or a resultant state reading. The primary claim of this article is that −ko iss- is, in fact, six-way ambiguous. This ambiguity arises from the interplay of three factors: the ambiguity of −ko, the ambiguity of iss-, and the optional presence of the light verb v*. The morpheme −ko is ambiguous between ‘simultaneous’ (+Simul) and ‘non-simultaneous’ (−Simul) readings. When used as an aspect marker, −ko_[+Simul] denotes the in-progress state of an event, while −ko_[−Simul] indicates either a resultant state or a continuative state of the event or state. Meanwhile, iss- can be interpreted either as a raising predicate or as a control predicate. Furthermore, the −ko iss- form can optionally co-occur with the light verb v*. Given these ambiguities, there are theoretically eight possible −ko iss- constructions. However, this article shows that only six of these are attested, as some combinations result in pragmatic anomaly. In accounting for the −ko iss- form, this article demonstrates that Korean progressive and perfect constructions share a striking similarity with their English counterparts, as both rely on the same underlying mechanism.

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引用次数: 0

Formulaic expressions in Korean academic discourse: A corpus-based combinatoric morphemic analysis

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103912

Beomil Kang , Sun-Hee Lee

This study introduces a corpus-based investigation of formulaic expressions in Korean academic discourse, employing a refined morphemic analysis designed for agglutinative properties of Korean. In the corpus analysis, dynamic discourse functions of formulaic sequences in Korean academic prose and formal conversation are explored while determining distinct register-based properties. Over the past thirty years, various corpus-based studies have rigorously examined recurrent formulaic expressions (so-called lexical bundles or multi-word expressions) in English, Spanish, etc. In contrast, there have been few studies in an agglutinative language like Korean with intricate morphosyntactic dependencies. By implementing pre-processing of allomorphs and unnecessary morphological units and lemmatization of predicate endings, the new combinatoric morphemic analysis provides substantial lists of lexico-grammatical patterns with accurate frequency information. This methodological template paves the way for further research into formulaic units in other agglutinative languages like Japanese, Turkish, and beyond. Three types of corpora have been used: a written corpus (2000 academic journal papers), a spoken corpus of formal conversation and a balanced reference corpus (3 million words). The result affirms high productivity and dynamic linguistic functions of Korean formulaic expressions in academic discourse, which indicates their utility as a valuable resource for exploring the process of second language learning and pedagogy.

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引用次数: 0

Bidirectionality in bilingualism? Asymmetry in L1 Spanish-L2 English vs. L1 English-L2 Spanish bilinguals

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103898

Teresa Quesada , Cristóbal Lozano

Anaphora Resolution (AR) is a complex phenomenon at the syntax-discourse interface, which is problematic in the acquisition of an L2. Previous studies show that late sequential bilinguals (i.e., adult L2 learners) with different language pairs accept and produce more explicit referring expressions (REs) than pragmatically required. This can be accounted for by the Pragmatic Principles Violation Hypothesis (PPVH), which claims that L2 learners violate the Informativeness/Economy Principle more frequently than the Manner/Clarity Principle, which results in L2 learners being more redundant than ambiguous. Crucially, it is not known to what extent this redundancy strategy is modulated by L2 learners’ language pair and proficiency level. This study investigates whether the acquisition of AR is asymmetrical by comparing two mirror-image language pairs (L1 Spanish-L2 English vs. L1 English-L2 Spanish) across proficiency levels (A2-C2) under the same methodological conditions. We used two equally-designed and comparable corpora (COREFL and CEDEL2) and manually annotated the anaphoric written production of L2 learners plus two monolingual (English and Spanish) control groups (N = 138) using the same annotation scheme. The results not only confirmed the redundancy strategy previously reported, but, importantly, revealed that the acquisition of anaphora resolution is asymmetrical between language pairs and across development. These findings are captured by proposing an updated version of the PPVH, the PPVH2, which paves the way for new studies on bilingualism at the syntax-discourse/pragmatics interface.

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引用次数: 0

Sequential patterns of lexical categories in Chinese–English interpreting: Insights into linguistic and cognitive constraints

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103900

Haibo Jia , Junying Liang

Previous research has investigated lexical category distribution across different modes of interpreting, but the structural relationships within lexical categories that underpin grammatical and semantic information remain unexplored. To address this gap, this study employed part-of-speech (POS) distance, a metric quantifying the linear distance between a POS unit and its next repetition, to analyze the structural patterns within lexical categories across a corpus of consecutive interpreting (CI) and simultaneous interpreting (SI). The analyses included descriptive statistics and inferential functional modeling of POS distances using the Zipf–Alekseev (ZA) model. The results revealed significant, mode-specific discrepancies and irregularities in the sequential organization of lexical categories, alongside overarching regularities shared by CI and SI. Notably, CI is characterized by a sparser distribution of short-distance POS repetitions and a lower value of parameter b in the ZA model. These patterns persisted when potential confounders were accounted for. The results were interpreted in light of the linguistic and processing constraints involved in these interpreting modes. The findings exemplify how language production operates dynamically through the interplay among linguistic, cognitive, and contextual constraints. This study also offers methodological insights relevant to various aspects of linguistic studies.

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引用次数: 0

Perceptions of impoliteness in Twitter interactions: Evidence from Spanish Heritage speakers

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103901

Víctor Garre-León

This study investigates U.S. Spanish Heritage speakers’ perceptions of impoliteness in the Twitter feed of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. By combining first- and second-order approaches to (im)politeness, I argue that heritage speakers’ perceptions of impoliteness must be studied at the individual level to understand their expectations of how particular behaviors should occur in digital communication settings. I collected 28 reactive tweets representing either on-record or off-record impoliteness strategies. Using a five-point scale survey, 20 participant-evaluators rated the impoliteness of each tweet and provided metapragmatic comments to support their ratings. A mixed-methods analysis of the data revealed commonalities within groups regarding politeness norms (e.g., on-record strategies) and highlighted heritage speakers’ varying levels of tolerance to impoliteness in this medium. This variation revealed participants’ orientations and expectations at the individual level, especially when confronting off-record impoliteness. Focusing on Spanish Heritage speakers, the findings suggest that analyses of perceptions of politeness norms in social media interactions must incorporate both lay understandings and researchers’ conceptualizations to reflect expectations of impoliteness at the individual level, which are likely influenced by community norms.

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引用次数: 0

Reduplication in South African Englishes: A what-what borrowing gets a life of its own

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103902

Bertus Van Rooy , Roné Wierenga

Reduplication is more common in South African English (SAfE) than in many other varieties of English but has not received much attention in research. This article examines the use of the reduplication what-what. The scope of reduplication in English globally is surveyed before considering the use of reduplication in SAfE alongside possible influences of other languages in the local linguistic ecology. Thereafter, a corpus analysis is undertaken of two corpora, representing user comments on television soap operas (2006–2023) and news and comments from the NOW corpus (2010–2023). The results indicate that what-what conveys the meanings of Etcetera (‘there is more like this’), Whatever (a general indicator of something vague that is not spelled out), and a Specific thing or quality (which is deliberately not named). While many reduplication forms can be linked to antecedents in other South African languages, the results show that what-what has acquired new meanings since coming into use in SAfE, which creatively extend the potential of the construction beyond mere transfer from other languages. Reduplication is not only an entrenched grammatical construction for coining new words in SAfE, but it has also become a way to express local identity for users of SAfE.

{"title":"Reduplication in South African Englishes: A what-what borrowing gets a life of its own","authors":"Bertus Van Rooy , Roné Wierenga","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reduplication is more common in South African English (SAfE) than in many other varieties of English but has not received much attention in research. This article examines the use of the reduplication <em>what-what</em>. The scope of reduplication in English globally is surveyed before considering the use of reduplication in SAfE alongside possible influences of other languages in the local linguistic ecology. Thereafter, a corpus analysis is undertaken of two corpora, representing user comments on television soap operas (2006–2023) and news and comments from the NOW corpus (2010–2023). The results indicate that <em>what-what</em> conveys the meanings of <span>Etcetera</span> (‘there is more like this’), <span>Whatever</span> (a general indicator of something vague that is not spelled out), and a <span>Specific thing</span> or <span>quality</span> (which is deliberately not named). While many reduplication forms can be linked to antecedents in other South African languages, the results show that <em>what-what</em> has acquired new meanings since coming into use in SAfE, which creatively extend the potential of the construction beyond mere transfer from other languages. Reduplication is not only an entrenched grammatical construction for coining new words in SAfE, but it has also become a way to express local identity for users of SAfE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 103902"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial language production in Chinese preschoolers: Developmental patterns and associated predictors

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103899

Dandan Wu , Hui Li , Sheila Degotardi

Research on Chinese spatial language production has primarily focused on task-based experiments, neglecting naturalistic contexts and family influences and causing limited ecological validity. To address this gap, this study investigated the developmental patterns and predictors of spatial language production among 192 Chinese preschoolers (ages 2;6 to 5;6) during a half-hour toy-play session. The children’s naturalistic utterances were analyzed using a five-domain coding system derived from the literature. First, the results indicated a significant age effect in spatial language production. Second, factors such as parent–child storytelling, talk duration, and the total number of utterances significantly predicted early spatial language production. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding and fostering spatial language development in natural contexts.

引用次数: 0

Understanding depiction in tactile Norwegian sign language interpreting

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103887

Giorgia Zorzi , Gro Hege Saltnes Urdal , Eli Raanes

Interpreting settings involving tactile signed languages (TSLs) require the conveyance of information from visual and auditory channels into the tactile modality. A TSL is defined as a tactile adaptation of a visual signed language (SL), primarily used by deaf signers who experience vision loss later in life. In these adaptations, some signs are produced on the body of both interlocutors, creating a larger signing space that is more easily accessible through the tactile modality. We refer to TSL signs produced on the body of the interlocutor as “TSL haptices”. Moreover, one distinctive feature of visual SLs is depiction, where signs visually represent meaning by “demonstrating” a referent or event. Depiction also exists in TSLs, though its use has received limited study, particularly in the context of interpretation. As a result, this paper aims to: i) investigate how interpreters mediate depicting structures in interpreting settings involving Tactile Norwegian Sign Language (TNTS), ii) describe how depiction is expressed on the bodies of interpreters and deafblind individuals, and iii) provide a model that defines the various types of “haptices” found in TNTS interpreting.

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