Lingua最新文献 - Book学术

Children interpret simple disjunction conjunctively: evidence from Mandarin Chinese 儿童用连词解释简单的析词：来自普通话的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2026.104116

Shiqi Zhu, Li Chen

It has been proposed that children often exhibit non-adult-like interpretations of simple disjunction. However, their precise comprehension of simple disjunction remains controversial. Early studies found that children interpret simple disjunction as conjunction. Conversely, later studies argued that this conjunctive interpretation arises from experimental artifacts, suggesting that children actually interpret simple disjunction inclusively when experiments incorporate prediction statements and additional objects. This study investigated Mandarin-speaking children’s comprehension of the simple disjunction huò ‘or’ through two experiments. Experiment 1 replicated the inclusive-result experiment, incorporating a conjunction control group. The results revealed an experimental artifact that led children to interpret both conjunction and disjunction inclusively. Experiment 2 introduced a new paradigm featuring three reward conditions, each corresponding to conjunctive, exclusive, and inclusive interpretations, thereby operationalizing the inclusive interpretation as an independent condition. The results indicated that children interpret the Mandarin Chinese simple disjunction huò conjunctively rather than inclusively. Furthermore, we proposed four accounts for children’s conjunctive interpretation: phonological similarity, conjunctive default, pre-exhaustification, and Innocent Inclusion.

有人提出，儿童经常表现出对简单分离的非成人式解释。然而，他们对简单析取的精确理解仍然存在争议。早期的研究发现，儿童将简单的分离理解为连接。相反，后来的研究认为，这种联合解释源于实验人工制品，这表明，当实验包含预测陈述和额外的物体时，儿童实际上会包容性地解释简单的分离。本研究通过两个实验考察了普通话儿童对huò“或”的理解。实验1重复包容结果实验，加入联合对照组。结果揭示了一个实验伪影，导致儿童解释包括连接和分离。实验2引入了一个新的范式，其中包含三个奖励条件，每个条件对应于连接解释、排他性解释和包容性解释，从而将包容性解释作为一个独立的条件进行操作。结果表明，儿童对汉语简单析词huò的解释是连词性的，而不是包涵性的。此外，我们提出了儿童连词解释的四种解释：语音相似性、连词默认、预耗尽和无辜包容。

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引用次数: 0

A study on the acquisition of shape classifiers by Mandarin-speaking children 汉语儿童形状分类词习得的研究

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104106

Shaoshuai Wang, Yunqiu Zhang

This study investigates the acquisition of shape classifiers in Mandarin Chinese through a longitudinal analysis of spontaneous speech from two typically developing children. Despite individual differences, both children exhibited similar developmental patterns in the structural and functional use of classifiers. The findings reveal a three-stage developmental trajectory—emergence, expansion, and stabilization—characterized by increasing accuracy, diversification of co-occurrence patterns, and the gradual extension of classifier functions from basic counting to categorization, referential identification, and pragmatic marking of definiteness. Furthermore, analysis of error patterns, including substitution with the general classifier gè, overgeneralization, and semantic mismatches, highlights the interplay between input frequency and cognitive development in the acquisition process. Drawing on the usage-based framework, this study proposes a triadic input model that integrates linguistic form, communicative function, and contextual usage as the driving mechanism of classifier acquisition. These findings demonstrate that classifier acquisition is a dynamic process shaped by perceptual experience, linguistic input, and discourse context, offering empirical evidence for understanding the development of early Mandarin classifiers and important implications for instructional strategies in Mandarin classifier teaching.

本研究通过对两名正常发育儿童自发言语的纵向分析，探讨了汉语形状分类器的习得。尽管存在个体差异，但两名儿童在分类器的结构和功能使用方面表现出相似的发展模式。研究结果揭示了一个三个阶段的发展轨迹：出现、扩展和稳定，其特征是准确性的提高、共现模式的多样化，以及分类器功能从基本计数逐渐扩展到分类、参考识别和确定性的语用标记。此外，对错误模式的分析，包括使用通用分类器gè进行替换、过度泛化和语义不匹配，突出了输入频率与习得过程中认知发展之间的相互作用。基于基于使用的框架，本研究提出了一个集语言形式、交际功能和语境使用为一体的三元输入模型，作为分类器习得的驱动机制。这些研究结果表明，分类器习得是一个受感知经验、语言输入和话语语境影响的动态过程，为理解早期汉语分类器的发展提供了经验证据，并对汉语分类器教学策略具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Adverb placement by Chinese EFL learners: A MuPDAR(F) approach 中国英语学习者的副词放置：一种MuPDAR(F)方法

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104095

Zhurun Li, Ying Huang

This study investigates stance adverb placement in academic argumentative writing by Chinese EFL learners compared to native English speakers. Previous work has mainly examined overall distribution or misplacement, with little focus on learners’ positional preferences. Traditional statistical methods assuming data independence also limit analysis of the multifactorial nature of adverb placement. To address this, the study applies Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis using Regression or Random Forests (MuPDAR(F)) to the placement of epistemic and style stance adverbs, by integrating syntactic, semantic, and discourse-level variables such as semantic coherence and sentiment value. The results show systematic learner deviations, most evident in M3 (the position following the main lexical verb), influenced by −ly suffixation, auxiliary presence, and L1 transfer from Chinese. Learners also overuse clause-initial high-certainty adverbs (e.g., absolutely), indicating less syntactic flexibility. Positive sentiment promotes more native-like placement, especially in M3 contexts. Findings highlight how syntactic and discourse factors interact in shaping stance adverb placement, refine second language (L2) morphosyntactic models, and suggest pedagogical strategies for mitigating L1 transfer and raising pragmatic awareness.

本研究比较了中国英语学习者和英语母语者在学术议论文写作中的立场副词位置。以前的工作主要是研究整体分布或错位，很少关注学习者的位置偏好。假设数据独立的传统统计方法也限制了对副词放置多因素性质的分析。为了解决这个问题，该研究通过整合句法、语义和话语层面的变量（如语义一致性和情感价值），将使用回归或随机森林（MuPDAR(F)）的多因素预测和偏差分析应用于认知和风格立场副词的位置。结果表明，受−ly后缀、助词存在和汉语母语迁移的影响，学习者的系统性偏差在M3（主要词汇动词后面的位置）上最为明显。学习者还过度使用从句开头的高确定性副词（如absolutely），这表明句法灵活性较差。积极的情绪促进了更多类似于母语的安置，尤其是在M3语境中。研究结果强调了句法和话语因素在副词位置形成中的相互作用，完善了第二语言（L2）形态句法模型，并提出了减轻母语迁移和提高语用意识的教学策略。

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引用次数: 0

A probabilistic phonology of the Philippine English mesolect: an optimality-theoretic and MaxEnt account 菲律宾英语中间选音的概率音系：一个优选理论和MaxEnt的解释

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104096

Teri An Joy Magpale

Phonological variation in Philippine English (PhilE) mesolect remains underexplored, particularly in how speakers adapt phonological choices across social domains like home, workplace, church, mall, and restaurant. This study examines how PhilE mesolect speakers alternate between acrolectal and basilectal forms. Using natural conversation data and stimuli-based elicitation, it analyzes phonological patterns through Optimality Theory (OT) to model constraint interactions and Maximum Entropy Grammar (MaxEnt) to quantify probabilistic variation. The findings reveal that domain-specific phonological shifts result from interactions between markedness and faithfulness constraints, with formal settings favoring marked forms and informal domains favoring unmarked forms. Probabilistic modeling highlights the gradient nature of these shifts, illustrating how PhilE mesolect speakers navigate linguistic norms to meet sociolinguistic expectations. This study advances the understanding of phonological variability in postcolonial Englishes and emphasizes the strategic adaptability of PhilE mesolect speakers in negotiating cultural and social identities within the framework of World Englishes.

菲律宾英语（PhilE）中语音的变化仍然没有得到充分的研究，特别是在说话者如何在家庭、工作场所、教堂、商场和餐馆等社会领域适应语音选择方面。本研究探讨了phili mesolect演讲者如何在肢端和基端形式之间交替。利用自然对话数据和基于刺激的启发，通过最优性理论（OT）分析语音模式来模拟约束交互，并通过最大熵语法（MaxEnt）来量化概率变化。研究结果表明，特定领域的语音变化是标记和忠诚约束之间相互作用的结果，正式环境倾向于标记形式，非正式领域倾向于未标记形式。概率模型强调了这些变化的梯度性质，说明了phili mesolect使用者如何驾驭语言规范以满足社会语言学的期望。本研究促进了对后殖民英语语音变异性的理解，并强调了在世界英语框架下，母语为母语的人在协商文化和社会身份时的策略适应性。

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引用次数: 0

The digital coloring page task for examining comprehension of passives in Mandarin-speaking children with DLD and autistic children 用数字涂色页测试普通话儿童和自闭症儿童对被动语态的理解

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104094

Jiao Du , Stephanie Durrleman , Xiaowei He , Haopeng Yu

Prior cross-linguistic investigations have reported that children diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) often struggle with long passive constructions, whereas results concerning children on the autism spectrum remain less conclusive. This study assessed passive sentence comprehension through a digital coloring task across four groups: children with DLD, children on the autism spectrum without language deficits (ALN), those with co-occurring language impairments (ALI), and age-matched typically developing controls (TD). Accuracy analyses confirmed clear group differences and a robust short-over-long passive advantage. Children with DLD and ALI exhibited significant syntactic and semantic difficulties in passives. Children in the ALN group achieved comprehension scores that were on par with their TD peers. Thematic role reversals were the most common errors, though observer errors occurred disproportionately in DLD and ALI. At the individual level, above-chance performance only on long passives was observed in a subset of children with ALI but not in DLD. The advantage for short over long passives can be accounted for by the Edge Feature Underspecification Hypothesis (EFUH), which predicts that intervention effects in long passives disrupt children’s ability to establish the required dependencies. Both children with DLD and those with ALI showed syntactic and semantic vulnerabilities, but only the latter group benefited from the presence of an overt post-bei agent. These findings demonstrate that the EFUH provides a principled account of the asymmetry between long and short passives in both DLD and ALI, while the observed divergences between these two groups offer clinically relevant insights for differential diagnosis and the design of tailored intervention approaches.

先前的跨语言研究报告称，被诊断为发展性语言障碍（DLD）的儿童经常在长被动结构上挣扎，而关于自闭症谱系儿童的研究结果仍然没有定论。本研究通过数字着色任务评估了四组儿童的被动句子理解能力：DLD儿童、无语言缺陷的自闭症儿童（ALN）、并发语言障碍儿童（ALI）和年龄匹配的典型发育对照组（TD）。准确性分析证实了明显的组差异和强大的短比长被动优势。DLD和ALI患儿在被动语态上表现出明显的句法和语义困难。ALN组的孩子获得的理解分数与他们的TD同龄人相当。主题角色转换是最常见的错误，尽管观察者错误在DLD和ALI中发生得不成比例。在个体水平上，只有一小部分ALI儿童在长被动语态上的表现高于机会，而在DLD中则没有。短被动比长被动的优势可以用边缘特征不足假设（EFUH）来解释，该假设预测长被动的干预效果会破坏儿童建立所需依赖的能力。DLD患儿和ALI患儿均表现出句法和语义上的弱点，但只有后者受益于明显的后bei代理的存在。这些发现表明，EFUH提供了DLD和ALI中长被动和短被动之间不对称的原则性解释，而这两组之间观察到的差异为鉴别诊断和量身定制的干预方法的设计提供了临床相关的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The evolutionary order of the macro-events: a case study of the diachronic evolution of 过-Guò in Chinese 宏观事件的演化顺序：以中文邮箱-Guò历时演化为例

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104092

Jiayu Yang , Fuyin Thomas Li

This study examines the diachronic evolutionary order of the macro-events by investigating the evolution of 过-Guò in Chinese. Through a comprehensive analysis of corpus data spanning from Archaic Chinese to Modern Mandarin, with a particular focus on Modern Chinese, this study elucidates a tangible evolutionary order of the macro-events, which can be roughly described as: motion events > events of state change/events of realization > events of temporal contouring. Notably, events of state change and events of realization are coordinate with each other, both deriving from motion events and subsequently grammaticalizing into events of temporal contouring. Additionally, 过-Guò in the “V+过-Guò” construction encoding events of temporal contouring further grammaticalized into an experiential marker. Events of action correlating have distinct origins, underscoring their unique evolutionary trajectories. Not only does the proposed evolutionary sequence of macro-events align with the common path of grammaticalization, but it is also substantiated by the concrete evidence of successive contexts that are well-documented in the corpus.

本研究通过考察中文中文邮箱-Guò的演化来考察宏观事件的历时性演化顺序。本研究通过对古汉语到现代汉语语料库数据的综合分析，特别是对现代汉语语料库数据的分析，阐明了宏观事件的具体演化顺序，大致可以描述为：运动事件>；状态变化事件/实现事件>；时间轮廓事件。值得注意的是，状态变化事件和实现事件是相互协调的，它们都来源于运动事件，然后在语法上转化为时间轮廓事件。此外，“V+ portal -Guò”结构中的portal -Guò编码的时间轮廓事件进一步语法化为经验标记。相互关联的行动事件有不同的起源，强调了它们独特的进化轨迹。所提出的宏观事件的进化顺序不仅与语法化的共同路径一致，而且还得到了语料库中有充分记录的连续上下文的具体证据的证实。

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引用次数: 0

‘Yòu+neg.+Xp’ as a social action format for staging rebuttals in Chinese talk-in-interaction “你+底片。+Xp’作为中国对话互动中进行反驳的社会行动形式

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104093

Lu Xue , Ke Shen , Shuangyun Yao

This study employs conversation analysis and interactional linguistic methods to investigate the sequential features and interactional functions of ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ as a format for rebuttals in Chinese talk-in-interaction. Drawing on naturally occurring data, the analysis shows that ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ can either be employed in second position to initiate or strengthen rebuttals or in third position to launch counter-rebuttals or reinforce prior counter-rebuttals that defend the speaker’s first-position claim or action. The study reveals that the predominant response elicited by ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ is disagreement or counter-rebuttals, indicating the presence of constraints on the argumentative force of ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’. The argumentative force of ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ is inseparable from interlocutors’ epistemic status of the encoded state of affairs embodied in its format. In addition, this study examines the interactive achievements of ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’, focusing on embodied rebuttals. When used to refute or resist the other party’s turn or action, ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ exhibits interactional functions that correspond to specific sequences, namely, eliciting epistemic competition in assertion, evaluation, and narrative sequences; launching an action resistance in questioning, requesting information, or complaint sequences; and implicitly rejecting directives in proposal and suggestion sequences. Finally, based on extant research, this study reveals how ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ is used to stage rebuttals through echo negation and inferential negation. This systematic examination of ‘yòu+neg.+Xp’ as a social action format for staging rebuttals facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the manifestation of rebuttals as common behaviours in naturally occurring conversations, providing empirical evidence from Mandarin Chinese to support the position that language structure and interaction shape each other.

本研究运用会话分析和互动语言学的方法来研究“yòu+ negg”的序列特征和互动功能。+Xp’作为中文对话中反驳的格式。利用自然发生的数据，分析显示' yòu+负。+Xp '既可以用在第二位置发起或加强反驳，也可以用在第三位置发起反反驳或加强先前的反反驳，以捍卫说话人的第一位置主张或行动。研究表明，“yòu+ negative”引发的主要反应。+Xp ‘是不同意或反反驳，表明对’ yòu+负+Xp '的论证力存在约束。“yòu+负”的论证力。+Xp '与对话者对其格式所体现的事件编码状态的认知状态是分不开的。此外，本研究还考察了“yòu+ negg”的互动成果。+Xp’，专注于具体化的反驳。当用于反驳或抵制对方的回合或行动时，' yòu+ negative。+Xp表现出与特定序列相对应的交互功能，即在断言、评价和叙述序列中引发认知竞争；（三）在询问、索取资料、投诉过程中进行行动抵抗的；并含蓄地拒绝提案和建议序列中的指令。最后，在现有研究的基础上，本研究揭示了' yòu+负。+Xp’用于通过回声否定和推理否定进行反驳。该系统检查' yòu+阴性。+Xp’作为一种进行反驳的社会行动形式，有助于全面理解反驳作为自然发生的对话中的常见行为的表现形式，提供来自普通话的经验证据来支持语言结构和互动相互影响的立场。

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引用次数: 0

From grammatical to phonological metaphor: marked tonality as semogenic remapping 从语法隐喻到音系隐喻：标记调性作为语素映射

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104091

Wei Xu, Chengyu Liu

Metaphor research has predominantly focused on lexicogrammar, often overlooking its realization in phonological systems, particularly marked tonality. This study investigates whether and how marked tonality functions as a phonological metaphor through semogenetic remapping. Through a systematic comparison with grammatical metaphor, three key findings emerge. First, similar to grammatical metaphor’s semantic-lexicogrammatical remapping, marked tonalities participate in metaphorical realignment between semantics and phonology. By modifying the typical one-to-one mapping—where a figure is usually realized by a single tone group—marked tonality allows a figure to be realized by multiple tone groups, or multiple figures compressed into one tone group. Second, marked tonalities employ metaphorical shift mechanisms akin to those in grammatical metaphor, involving ‘up-grading’ and ‘down-grading’ within the phonological hierarchy. Third, marked tonality enacts interpersonal, textual, and ideational meanings—contrary to Halliday’s claim that tonality lacks ideational function—in political discourse and cinematic dialogue. The study thus proposes marked tonality as a phonological metaphor and a dynamic resource for meaning-making, extending grammatical metaphor theory into the phonological domain. It offers a functional model illustrating how phonological remapping via marked tonality contributes to metafunctional meaning, broadening the scope of metaphor research within Systemic Functional Linguistics.

隐喻的研究主要集中在词汇语法上，往往忽视了隐喻在语音系统中的实现，特别是在声调方面。本研究探讨标记调性是否以及如何通过符号发生重映射来发挥语音隐喻的作用。通过与语法隐喻的系统比较，得出了三个主要结论。首先，与语法隐喻的语义-词汇-语法映射类似，标记调性参与了语义和语音之间的隐喻重组。通过修改典型的一对一映射（图形通常由单个音调组实现），标记的调性允许由多个音调组实现图形，或者将多个图形压缩到一个音调组中。第二，标记调性使用类似于语法隐喻的隐喻转换机制，涉及语音等级中的“升级”和“降级”。第三，显著调性在政治话语和电影对话中具有人际意义、文本意义和概念意义——这与韩礼德认为调性缺乏概念功能的观点相反。因此，本研究提出标记调性作为一种语音隐喻和意义生成的动态资源，将语法隐喻理论扩展到语音领域。它提供了一个功能模型，说明通过标记调性的语音重映射如何有助于元功能意义，扩大了系统功能语言学隐喻研究的范围。

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引用次数: 0

Projecting telicity in the event structure of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from production and eye-tracking experiments 普通话事件结构的远性投射：来自生产和眼动追踪实验的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104084

Qiaoyun Liao , Mengzhe Geng , Xin Weng , Mengting Gao

This study explores how telicity is represented in the event structure of motion expressions in Mandarin (i.e. whether it is projected in syntax or is encoded in the lexical semantics of verbal roots) in two experiments. Experiment 1 used a production paradigm and revealed that resultative verb compounds (RVCs) are used primarily in boundary-crossing motions, while typical S-framed expressions are used in boundary-as-direction and non-boundary motions. Experiment 2 used an eye-tracking experiment and showed that RVCs are telic and typical S-framed constructions are atelic. Moreover, the evidence from the Manner Area of Interest (AoI) supports that RVCs are syntactically more complex than typical S-framed constructions. Results indicate that RVCs differ from S-framed constructions owing to their distinct syntactic complexity and thus are better classified as E-framed constructions. Furthermore, the greater syntactic complexity observed in RVCs compared with S-framed constructions provides evidence for the syntactic approach to telicity realization, wherein telicity is represented by an independent projection in syntax (i.e., resP). These findings reflect a language-specific constraint in Mandarin, concluding that the representation of telicity in Mandarin should be analyzed within the syntactic approach, which is different from languages such as English, which may be analyzed within the lexicalist approach.

本研究通过两个实验探讨了远性是如何在普通话动作表达的事件结构中表现出来的（即是在句法中投射还是在词根的词汇语义中编码）。结果表明，结果动词复合词主要用于跨越边界的动作，而典型的s框架短语主要用于边界作为方向和非边界的动作。实验2采用眼动追踪实验，结果表明RVCs具有远端性，典型s框架结构具有远端性。此外，来自方式感兴趣区域（AoI）的证据支持rvc在语法上比典型的s框架结构更复杂。结果表明，rvc与s框架结构的区别在于其不同的句法复杂性，因此更适合归类为e框架结构。此外，与s框架结构相比，rvc中观察到的更高的句法复杂性为远性实现的句法方法提供了证据，其中远性由句法中的独立投影（即resP）表示。这些发现反映了普通话中特定语言的限制，结论是普通话中的远性表征应该在句法方法中进行分析，这与英语等语言可以在词汇学方法中进行分析不同。

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引用次数: 0

Ranking the acoustic cues of contrastive focus in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from number words 台湾普通话对比焦点的声线索排序：来自数词的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104073

Ting Wang , Yong-cheol Lee

This study investigated the interaction between tone and corrective focus in Taiwan Mandarin using phone number strings formatted as (NNN)-(NNN)-(NNNN). Both production and perception experiments were conducted to examine the contrastive focus prosody of each lexical tone using number words. The study hypothesized that contrastive focus prosody in Taiwan Mandarin would be weaker and less distinct than in Beijing Mandarin. Results from the production experiment revealed unique patterns in the realization of contrastive focus across different tones. Random forest analysis showed that each focused tone exhibited distinct acoustic characteristics when marking contrastive focus. These findings suggest that the prosodic marking of contrastive focus is tone-dependent. However, regardless of tone type, Taiwan Mandarin speakers consistently prioritized duration cues in producing contrastive focus, indicating that duration played a primary role among other acoustic parameters. Despite these tone-specific distinctions, the overall magnitude of contrastive focus prosody in Taiwan Mandarin was notably weak and less distinct. This weakness made it challenging for listeners to identify the positions of contrastive focus, resulting in low identification rates in the perception experiment. The results of this study suggest that the prosodic realization of contrastive focus is shaped by language-specific phonetic and phonological implementation, and that focus effects can vary even between different varieties of the same language.

本研究使用(NNN)-(NNN)-(NNNN)格式的电话号码串来研究台湾普通话声调与纠错焦点之间的相互作用。通过产生实验和感知实验，研究了数词对每个词汇语调的对比焦点韵律。本研究假设台湾普通话的对比焦点韵律较北京普通话弱且不明显。生产实验的结果揭示了在不同音调之间实现对比焦点的独特模式。随机森林分析表明，在标记对比焦点时，每个聚焦音调都表现出不同的声学特征。这些发现表明，对比焦点的韵律标记依赖于声调。然而，无论声调类型如何，台湾普通话使用者在产生对比焦点时始终优先考虑持续时间线索，这表明持续时间在其他声学参数中发挥了主要作用。尽管存在这些声调上的差异，但台湾普通话对比焦点韵律的整体幅度明显较弱且不明显。这一弱点使得听者很难识别出对比焦点的位置，从而导致感知实验的识别率较低。本研究结果表明，对比焦点的韵律实现是由特定语言的语音和语音实现形成的，即使在同一语言的不同变体之间，焦点效应也会有所不同。

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引用次数: 0