伊朗Malayer-Esfahan成矿带早白垩世Meymeh海底替换菱铁矿-铁铁矿床地质、地球化学、流体包裹体显微测温与沉积环境

Rasoul Foroutan-Nia, Sajjad Maghfouri, Ebrahim Rastad
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摘要

Malayer-Esfahan成矿带东部的Meymeh菱铁-安铁矿床形成于早白垩世序列的沉积火山岩中。根据研究区的地层位置和主岩类型划分为两个矿层。下部矿层位于白云质砂质石灰岩(Kc3)单元中,上部矿层形成于薄层石灰岩(Km)中。岩石学研究表明,成矿作用包括三个矿相:网状矿相、层状矿相和块状矿相。最重要的原生矿物是菱铁矿、铁白云石、铁质白云石、黄铁矿、软锰矿、重晶石和少量黄铜矿。矿石带中最常见的结构包括薄层、交代、脉-细脉、块状和带状。白云岩和硅化是主要的围岩蚀变样式;蚀变强度向矿带方向增加。根据矿石矿物和成岩矿物之间的关系,Meymeh矿床中的成矿作用(深生矿和浅生矿)形成于三个主要阶段:细粒铁碳酸盐岩带与白云石层之间错综复杂。边质-安克拉提斯带表现出典型的沉积结构,如叠层和层理,表明其起源于同沉积-早期成岩作用。粗粒第二阶段的菱铁矿和赤铁矿显示出角砾岩和脉细脉结构,被认为是在埋藏成岩海底流体流动过程中置换形成的。在第三阶段,在大气降水流经逆正断层和逆冲断层和隆起过程中,菱铁矿和铁白云石转化为次生氧化铁,如氧化物/氢氧化物Fe矿物。从Meymeh矿床的矿化段研究的石英-2和安克里岩-2矿物中的初级两相流体包裹体在110.3至226.9°C的温度下均化。初级流体包裹体的盐度范围为3.39 wt.%至14.77%NaCl当量。这一发现表明,热液盐水流体与海水混合可能是促使成矿的主要机制。不同矿相的菱铁矿和铁白云石与寄主碳酸盐岩的REE模式相似,表明它们来源于相同的成矿流体。Meymeh矿床被认为是沉积-热液-成岩-菱铁矿成矿的典型案例,其中矿物是在热液从缺氧水柱释放到低氧水柱时沉积的。
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Geology, geochemistry, fluid inclusion microthermometry and depositional environment of the Early Cretaceous Meymeh sub-seafloor replacement sideritic-ankeritic iron deposit, Malayer-Esfahan Metallogenic Belt, Iran

Meymeh sideritic-ankeritic iron deposit in the eastern part of Malayer-Esfahan Metallogenic Belt (MEMB) is formed in the sedimentary-volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous sequence. Ore mineralization in the study area based on stratigraphic location and type of host rocks divided in two ore horizons. Lower ore horizon located in the dolomitic-sandy limestone (Kc3) unit, which upper ore horizon is formed in thin-bedded limestone (Km) rocks. Petrographic studies indicates that mineralization comprises three ore facies: stockwork, bedded and massive ore facies. The most important primary minerals are siderite, ankerite, ferroan-dolomite, pyrite, pyrolusite, barite and minor chalcopyrite. The most frequent textures in the ore zones include laminae, replacement, vein-veinlet, massive and banded. Dolomitization and silicification are the main wall rock alteration styles; alteration intensity increases towards the ore zones. Based on relationships between ore minerals and rock forming minerals, ore mineralization (hypogene and supergene) in the Meymeh deposit formed during three main stages: fine-grained Fe-carbonate bands are intricately interlayered with dolomite beds. Sideritic-ankeritic bands exhibit classic sedimentary textures, such as laminations and bedding, indicative of a syn-sedimentary to early diagenesis origin. Coarser-grained stage two siderites and ankerites show breccia and vein-veinlet textures, and are considered to have formed by replacement during burial diagenetic sub-seafloor fluid flow. In stage three, siderite and ankerite were converted to secondary iron oxides such as oxide/hydroxide Fe minerals during meteoric water flow through the inverted normal and thrust faults and uplift. The primary two-phase fluid inclusions in the quartz-2 and ankerite-2 minerals that have been investigated from the ore mineralization section of the Meymeh deposit are homogenized at temperatures between 110.3 to 226.9 °C. Salinities of the primary fluid inclusions range from 3.39 wt.% to 14.77 % NaCl eq. This finding suggests that hydrothermal brine fluid mixing with seawater could be the primary mechanism that prompted ore formation. The similarity of REE patterns between siderite and ankerite in different ore facies and host rock carbonates indicates their derivation from the same ore fluids. The Meymeh deposit is considered a typical case of sedimentary hydrothermal diagenetic sideritic-ankeritic mineralization, in which minerals deposited when hydrothermal fluid was released from anoxic to suboxic water columns.

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