河流沉积物中重大历史事件和人类活动的时空记录:重金属分布和铅同位素定年的耦合研究

Shipeng Zhang , Zhe Chen , Sheng Wang , Lan Jiang , Yufei Yuan , Haoren Zhao , Chunyu Wang , Scott S. Hughes , Yi Huang
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摘要

采用ICP-MS和激光衍射粒度技术,对长江上游大渡河采集的30个沉积物样品(11个表面样品和19个55 cm岩芯样品)进行了分析,分别测定了重金属的时空分布和粒度特征。其目的是阐明人类活动(如铅锌开采和勘探)对邻近河流沉积物中潜在有毒元素(as、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)分布的影响。应用210Pb同位素测年方法研究了大渡河中段沉积剖面重金属污染的历史变化和分布。结果表明,四川省土壤Cd含量明显偏高,超过土壤本底值的16.3倍,铅锌矿冶炼可提高Cd含量。表层沉积物主要由粉土组成,平均占79%,少量粘土和沙子。大渡河下游河段的粘土含量明显高于上游,表明下游地区的水动力与上游流量相比相对较低。沉积剖面中每隔3cm采集的样品主要由粉砂组成,占75.6%,综合反映了该地区强大的水动力。这些样品的210Pb测年结果表明,重金属浓度有三个历史波动区间:分别为1950年至1966年、1988年至1991年和1996年至2006年,这三个区间与重大历史事件(文化大革命、瀑布沟水库建设和当地冶炼活动以及环境保护政策的实施)相吻合。剖面中所有重金属的富集因子(EF)值在1994年后开始增加,Cr和Cd的相对较高的EF值表明,由于这一时期人类活动的增加,富集程度显著。我们的研究表明,人类活动可以很好地记录在沉积剖面中,并为检索人类发展史提供了新的见解。
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Spatiotemporal records of major historical events and human activities in river sediments: A coupled study of heavy metals distribution and lead isotopic dating

Thirty sediment samples (11 on the surface and 19 from a 55 cm core) collected in the Dadu River, upstream of the Yangtze River, China, were analyzed by ICP-MS and Laser diffraction particle size techniques to determine heavy metal spatial-temporal distribution and particle size characteristics, respectively. The intent was to clarify the impact of human activities such as Pb-Zn mining and exploration on the distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in adjacent fluvial deposits. Moreover, 210Pb isotope dating was applied to study the historical variation and distribution of heavy metal pollution in a sedimentary profile in the middle section of the Dadu River. Results suggest that Cd concentration is notably high, exceeding by 16.3 times the soil background value in Sichuan Province, China, which can be intensified by Pb-Zn ore smelting. Surface sediments are mainly composed of silt, accounting for 79% on average, and relatively minor amounts of clay and sand. The fraction of clay in the downstream segments of the Dadu River is significantly higher than that upstream, indicating that the hydrodynamic force in the downstream region is relatively low compared with the upstream flow. Samples in the sedimentary profile, collected at 3 cm intervals, are mainly composed of silty sand, accounting for 75.6%, which comprehensively reflects the strong hydrodynamic force in this area. The results of 210Pb dating of these samples indicate three intervals of historical fluctuation in heavy metal concentrations: 1950–1966, 1988–1991 and 1996–2006, respectively, which coincide to significant historical events (the Cultural Revolution, the construction of Pubugou reservoir and local smelting activities, and the implementation of environmental protection policies). Enrichment factor (EF) values of all heavy metals in the profile began to increase after 1994, and relatively high EF values of Cr and Cd indicated a significant enrichment due to increasing anthropogenic activities during this period. Our study demonstrates that anthropogenic activities can be well recorded in sedimentary profiles and provide new insights to retrieving the history of human developments.

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