Development characteristics and genesis of deep tight conglomerate reservoirs of Mahu area in Junggar Basin, China

To clarify the development rules and main origins of deep tight conglomerate reservoirs in the Mahu area of Junggar Basin, various materials and data from deep wells were systematically researched to determine the reservoir's basic characteristics and effective origins. The results indicate that the reservoir mainly comprises a fine and medium-fine conglomerate, which belongs to the fan delta distributary channel conglomerate. Additionally, it is a typical deep tight conglomerate reservoir with low to ultra-low porosity and permeability, and the gravel primarily consists of volcanic rock composed of tuff and intermediate acid volcanic lava. The cement is mainly composed of laumontite and calcite, and the reservoir has undergone three types of diagenesis: compaction, cementation, and dissolution. The first two types have dual effects of destruction and construction, while the result of dissolution is the widespread development of secondary pore enrichment zones composed of intergranular solution pores formed by the dissolution of zeolite, carbonate cement, and argillaceous matrix, as well as intragranular solution pores formed by the dissolution of feldspar and dark minerals. Unlike the middle and shallow layers, the reservoir space mainly composed of secondary pores and fractures. The effective reservoir is mainly caused by rock composition, dissolution, fracture system, and abnormal high pressure. The rock composition provides a sufficient material basis and is the internal cause, while the dissolution, fracture system, and abnormal high pressure are the external causes. The dissolution forms a secondary pore enrichment zone, the fracture system improves the seepage capacity of the reservoir, and abnormal high pressure can effectively maintain and increase the pores. Four factors control the formation and distribution of relatively high-quality deep tight conglomerate reservoirs.