Human urine electrolysis for simultaneous green hydrogen and liquid fertilizer production for a circular economy: A proof of concept

This study explores a novel process for hydrogen production and urine concentration using water electrolysis, employing a hydrophobic membrane and hydrogel electrolyte. The process utilizes a hydrophobic membrane to provide pure water from human urine, while simultaneously producing hydrogen through electrolysis, and concentrating urine for liquid fertilizer production. A suitable hydrogel electrolyte was developed, with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels and varying potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration, showing efficient ion conductivity. The PVA-KOH 30 wt % hydrogel incorporating melamine exhibited promising performance in cell testing, achieving a current density of 204.35 mA/cm² at 2 V. Long-term electrolysis tests indicated sustained efficiency, although a decline in current density during 96 h was attributed to hydrophobic membrane fouling. Nonetheless, the hydrogel electrolyte demonstrated minimal fouling, successfully concentrating the urine about 5 times. This concentrated urine serves as liquid fertilizer, while the produced hydrogen acts as an energy source, and the oxygen can be recycled for use in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), establishing a sustainable energy cycle system.