Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118306
Shasha Zhang, Yanshuang Zhao, Kaiwen Guo, Le Zhang, Rongli Fang, Shunjiang Huang, Yue Wang
MXene (Ti3C2Tx) is a promising CDI electrode material with two-dimensional (2D) layer, which performs excellent capacitance, conductivity, interlayer reversibility and plentiful active sites. However, Ti layer of MXene is easily oxidized to TiO2 by dissolved oxygen in water, which causes structural instability and affects its desalting performance. In this paper, the sandwich PEDOT:PSS@MXene film electrode was prepared by uniformly coating PEDOT:PSS film on the surface of MXene through template-assisted polymerization. The film improves the stability of the composite by protecting the Ti layer. The specific capacitance of PEDOT:PSS@MXene performs 185.5 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. The desalination capacity of hybrid AC//PEDOT:PSS@MXene cell in 500 mg L−1 NaCl solution is 35.8 mg g−1. After 40 desalting cycles, the cell performs better retention rate than AC//MXene cell (82.5 %), which keeps 97.2 %. The morphology and structure of composite show no exists of TiO2 after 40 desalting cycles, indicating that PEDOT:PSS as a coating film can achieve high reliability capacitive deionization of MXene.
{"title":"Preparation of fully coated PEDOT: PSS film on MXene for high reliability capacitive deionization","authors":"Shasha Zhang, Yanshuang Zhao, Kaiwen Guo, Le Zhang, Rongli Fang, Shunjiang Huang, Yue Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>) is a promising CDI electrode material with two-dimensional (2D) layer, which performs excellent capacitance, conductivity, interlayer reversibility and plentiful active sites. However, Ti layer of MXene is easily oxidized to TiO<sub>2</sub> by dissolved oxygen in water, which causes structural instability and affects its desalting performance. In this paper, the sandwich PEDOT:PSS@MXene film electrode was prepared by uniformly coating PEDOT:PSS film on the surface of MXene through template-assisted polymerization. The film improves the stability of the composite by protecting the Ti layer. The specific capacitance of PEDOT:PSS@MXene performs 185.5 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 5 mV s<sup>−1</sup>. The desalination capacity of hybrid AC//PEDOT:PSS@MXene cell in 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup> NaCl solution is 35.8 mg g<sup>−1</sup>. After 40 desalting cycles, the cell performs better retention rate than AC//MXene cell (82.5 %), which keeps 97.2 %. The morphology and structure of composite show no exists of TiO<sub>2</sub> after 40 desalting cycles, indicating that PEDOT:PSS as a coating film can achieve high reliability capacitive deionization of MXene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118306"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118307
Xiangting Tang , Jun Chen , Ye Zhang , Jianguo Yu , Sen Lin
Salt fields are indispensable for the salt lake industry, yet their substrates, which are rich in valuable resources accumulated over time by the formation of solid solution enrichment, always stand at a neglected position. In this study, the distribution and occurrence state of elements in the Mahai Salt Lake substrate were comprehensively investigated by multiple characterizations. The substrate was primarily found to consist of calcium-silica‑aluminum minerals, with significant concentrations of lithium (0.0053 %), strontium (0.1130 %), and rubidium (0.0266 %) adsorbed onto these mineralized phases. Besides, an echelon extraction was developed to exploit these valuable resources including hydrochloric acid leaching and segmented calcination-leaching coupled process. It was confirmed that over 95 % of rubidium and 93 % of strontium could be effectively extracted via hydrochloric acid leaching through cation exchange mechanisms. 80 % lithium was extracted by calcination-leaching coupled process with three cycles to conquer the interlayer structure of mineralized lithium, facilitating the occupation of Li+ lattice sites by H+.
{"title":"Echelon extraction of valuable components from salt lake brine substrate","authors":"Xiangting Tang , Jun Chen , Ye Zhang , Jianguo Yu , Sen Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt fields are indispensable for the salt lake industry, yet their substrates, which are rich in valuable resources accumulated over time by the formation of solid solution enrichment, always stand at a neglected position. In this study, the distribution and occurrence state of elements in the Mahai Salt Lake substrate were comprehensively investigated by multiple characterizations. The substrate was primarily found to consist of calcium-silica‑aluminum minerals, with significant concentrations of lithium (0.0053 %), strontium (0.1130 %), and rubidium (0.0266 %) adsorbed onto these mineralized phases. Besides, an echelon extraction was developed to exploit these valuable resources including hydrochloric acid leaching and segmented calcination-leaching coupled process. It was confirmed that over 95 % of rubidium and 93 % of strontium could be effectively extracted via hydrochloric acid leaching through cation exchange mechanisms. 80 % lithium was extracted by calcination-leaching coupled process with three cycles to conquer the interlayer structure of mineralized lithium, facilitating the occupation of Li<sup>+</sup> lattice sites by H<sup>+</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118307"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118304
Zhipeng Tang , Yongmei Li , Kaixuan Tan , Guohui Wang , Chunguang Li , Longcheng Liu , Zhenzhong Liu
In-situ leaching (ISL) causes non-negligible groundwater pollution. It is urgent to remediate the groundwater after ISL activities. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) to treat a simulated groundwater, the uranium (U) and SO42− concentration of which are comparable to groundwater in acid in-situ leaching (AISL) uranium mine for the first time. Moreover, the removal mechanism of U and SO42− were investigated in-depth. It is found that the operational mode, applied voltage and initial SO42− concentration significantly affect the removal of U and SO42− by FCDI. The removal efficiency of U and SO42− were above 98 % at 75 min under optimal condition, although U in groundwater mainly existed in the form of uncharged UO2(SO4), followed by UO22+ and UO2(SO4)22−. UO22+ and UO2(SO4)22− in groundwater migrated into the two poles and were quickly absorbed by flow electrode, which promoted the dissociation of UO2(SO4) or complexation of UO2(SO4) with SO42−. In addition, the anion exchange membrane can absorb UO2(SO4) through complexation. These resulted in the efficient removal of U(VI). FCDI can reduce the U and SO42− concentration of the contaminated water (CU = 10 mg L−1, CSO42− = 5 g L−1) to a value lower than the Chinese emission limit (U: 300 μg L−1; SO42−: 250 mg L−1) even after 18 cycles with each cycle operated for 120 min, which informed that FCDI system using activated carbon is of great potential for acidic contaminated water treatment.
{"title":"Efficient removal of uranium and sulfate in acid contaminated groundwater by flow electrode capacitive deionization","authors":"Zhipeng Tang , Yongmei Li , Kaixuan Tan , Guohui Wang , Chunguang Li , Longcheng Liu , Zhenzhong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ leaching (ISL) causes non-negligible groundwater pollution. It is urgent to remediate the groundwater after ISL activities. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) to treat a simulated groundwater, the uranium (U) and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration of which are comparable to groundwater in acid in-situ leaching (AISL) uranium mine for the first time. Moreover, the removal mechanism of U and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> were investigated in-depth. It is found that the operational mode, applied voltage and initial SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration significantly affect the removal of U and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> by FCDI. The removal efficiency of U and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> were above 98 % at 75 min under optimal condition, although U in groundwater mainly existed in the form of uncharged UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>), followed by UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> and UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup>. UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> and UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup> in groundwater migrated into the two poles and were quickly absorbed by flow electrode, which promoted the dissociation of UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) or complexation of UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) with SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>. In addition, the anion exchange membrane can absorb UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) through complexation. These resulted in the efficient removal of U(VI). FCDI can reduce the U and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration of the contaminated water (<em>C</em><sub>U</sub> = 10 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, <em>C</em><sub>SO4</sub><sup>2−</sup> = 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>) to a value lower than the Chinese emission limit (U: 300 μg L<sup>−1</sup>; SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>: 250 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) even after 18 cycles with each cycle operated for 120 min, which informed that FCDI system using activated carbon is of great potential for acidic contaminated water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118304"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118305
Ahmed T. Ghonim , Hend A. Faiad , Muhammad I. Rashad , Shehab Ahmed , Mohamed A. Farahat
Freezing desalination (FD) is considered a potential alternative that addresses the shortage in water resources. FD commercialization is limited due to the intermittent nature of the FD process. An experimental investigation is conducted to a pilot continuous freeze desalination unit that employs vacuum-assisted brine extraction. The system is regarded as a first step to realize a continuous freeze desalination process that can be then commercialized. The proposed pilot FD unit has multiple brine extraction stages to reach the desired water salinity. Four distinct feed water salinity are tested. The results show that the unit has the potential to produce low-salinity water without the need for washing or crushing which causes significant mass loss. The results indicate that water is obtained at a salinity of 393 and 1225 ppm NaCl at feed water salinities equal 10,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl, respectively. Furthermore, the system produces an approximate constant volume equal 850 mL which is around 28 % of feed water volume. The gain output ratio (GOR) of the system is 3.07, 2.97, 2.99 and 2.98 for feed water with salinity 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl respectively.
{"title":"Assessment of a pilot continuous freezing desalination system with vacuum-assisted brine extraction","authors":"Ahmed T. Ghonim , Hend A. Faiad , Muhammad I. Rashad , Shehab Ahmed , Mohamed A. Farahat","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing desalination (FD) is considered a potential alternative that addresses the shortage in water resources. FD commercialization is limited due to the intermittent nature of the FD process. An experimental investigation is conducted to a pilot continuous freeze desalination unit that employs vacuum-assisted brine extraction. The system is regarded as a first step to realize a continuous freeze desalination process that can be then commercialized. The proposed pilot FD unit has multiple brine extraction stages to reach the desired water salinity. Four distinct feed water salinity are tested. The results show that the unit has the potential to produce low-salinity water without the need for washing or crushing which causes significant mass loss. The results indicate that water is obtained at a salinity of 393 and 1225 ppm NaCl at feed water salinities equal 10,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl, respectively. Furthermore, the system produces an approximate constant volume equal 850 mL which is around 28 % of feed water volume. The gain output ratio (GOR) of the system is 3.07, 2.97, 2.99 and 2.98 for feed water with salinity 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 and 40,000 ppm NaCl respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118305"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118309
Zhilu Li , Youjing Zhao , Yan Li , Jianjiang Lu , Min Wang
The recovery and utilization of water resources, as well as the concentration and extraction of high-value ions, are the merits of the reverse osmosis process in exploiting salt lake brine. Herein, we investigated the mechanism influencing the concentration performance of reverse osmosis membranes by considering energy consumption and mass transfer processes in the concentration of lithium-enriched brine. Firstly, different types of reverse osmosis membranes were applied to analyze their impact on flux and ion concentration for various solutions, with a membrane exhibiting a minimum lithium loss having a flux of 66.06 L·m−2·h−1. Secondly, the membrane with the minimum lithium loss was selected for concentrating lithium-enriched brine. We clarified how solution properties, flow state, and recovery affect solution concentration, ion enrichment, and transmembrane transport during the concentration process. Furthermore, the relationship between ions concentration and energy consumption in the continuous concentration process of reverse osmosis was quantitatively demonstrated by two concentration processes, the enrichment ratio of Li+ can reach 5.53 when recovery was 80 %. Additionally, we simulated the effects of concentration processes on water flux and ion transport using mathematical expressions combined with irreversible thermodynamic model and concentration polarization model, the mean absolute percentage error was 4.38 % between experimental values and simulated values. This study further elucidates principles related to energy consumption and ion transport in reverse osmosis concentration processes while providing technical support for concentrating high-value ions in brine.
{"title":"Reverse osmosis process combining energy consumption analysis and mass transfer in the concentration of lithium-enriched brine","authors":"Zhilu Li , Youjing Zhao , Yan Li , Jianjiang Lu , Min Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recovery and utilization of water resources, as well as the concentration and extraction of high-value ions, are the merits of the reverse osmosis process in exploiting salt lake brine. Herein, we investigated the mechanism influencing the concentration performance of reverse osmosis membranes by considering energy consumption and mass transfer processes in the concentration of lithium-enriched brine. Firstly, different types of reverse osmosis membranes were applied to analyze their impact on flux and ion concentration for various solutions, with a membrane exhibiting a minimum lithium loss having a flux of 66.06 L·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>. Secondly, the membrane with the minimum lithium loss was selected for concentrating lithium-enriched brine. We clarified how solution properties, flow state, and recovery affect solution concentration, ion enrichment, and transmembrane transport during the concentration process. Furthermore, the relationship between ions concentration and energy consumption in the continuous concentration process of reverse osmosis was quantitatively demonstrated by two concentration processes, the enrichment ratio of Li<sup>+</sup> can reach 5.53 when recovery was 80 %. Additionally, we simulated the effects of concentration processes on water flux and ion transport using mathematical expressions combined with irreversible thermodynamic model and concentration polarization model, the mean absolute percentage error was 4.38 % between experimental values and simulated values. This study further elucidates principles related to energy consumption and ion transport in reverse osmosis concentration processes while providing technical support for concentrating high-value ions in brine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118309"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118302
Yong Xu , Yeyin Li , Qingbai Chen , Yang Gao , Bingbing He , Jianyou Wang
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a promising sustainable and eco-friendly technology for deep desalination, essential for preparing high purity water (HPW). Its miniaturization and simplification are crucial for the application of small-scale HPW machines in decentralized HPW supply scenarios. In this study, a two-stage Convenient-style EDI (Conv-EDI) system with the countercurrent flow mode and special resin-filling strategy was proposed, which eliminates the need for many components found in conventional EDI systems. The influences of total inflow (Qtot), inflow ratio of dilute and concentrate stream (QD/QC), total applied current (Itot), and the distribution of current between two stacks (I1/I2) were studied, respectively. Initially, the inflow pattern had great influence on the back diffusion phenomenon and the competitive electromigration among H+, OH−, and other ions in the dilute stream. Optimal conditions were determined to be a Qtot of 25 L·h−1 and a QD/QC of 3/2. Meanwhile, the operation mode of the Conv-EDI stack was determined by the applied current, and the optimal Itot and I1/I2 were 0.30 A and 1/1, respectively. Furthermore, the system demonstrated excellent long-term stability and anti-scaling performance over 20 days of continuous operation. It could operate stably with raw water containing hardness of ~3.4 mg·L−1, and the highest resistivity HPW of 15.52 MΩ·cm could be produced with the energy consumption of ~0.19 kWh·m−3 and the total process of 2.43 USD·m−3. In summary, the Conv-EDI system offers a practical and efficient solution for small-scale HPW production, advancing the miniaturization of EDI technology and potentially transforming decentralized HPW supply systems.
{"title":"Convenient-style electrodeionization system with novel configuration and inflow mode for small-scale high purity water preparation","authors":"Yong Xu , Yeyin Li , Qingbai Chen , Yang Gao , Bingbing He , Jianyou Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrodeionization (EDI) is a promising sustainable and eco-friendly technology for deep desalination, essential for preparing high purity water (HPW). Its miniaturization and simplification are crucial for the application of small-scale HPW machines in decentralized HPW supply scenarios. In this study, a two-stage Convenient-style EDI (Conv-EDI) system with the countercurrent flow mode and special resin-filling strategy was proposed, which eliminates the need for many components found in conventional EDI systems. The influences of total inflow (Q<sub>tot</sub>), inflow ratio of dilute and concentrate stream (Q<sub>D</sub>/Q<sub>C</sub>), total applied current (I<sub>tot</sub>), and the distribution of current between two stacks (I<sub>1</sub>/I<sub>2</sub>) were studied, respectively. Initially, the inflow pattern had great influence on the back diffusion phenomenon and the competitive electromigration among H<sup>+</sup>, OH<sup>−</sup>, and other ions in the dilute stream. Optimal conditions were determined to be a Q<sub>tot</sub> of 25 L·h<sup>−1</sup> and a Q<sub>D</sub>/Q<sub>C</sub> of 3/2. Meanwhile, the operation mode of the Conv-EDI stack was determined by the applied current, and the optimal I<sub>tot</sub> and I<sub>1</sub>/I<sub>2</sub> were 0.30 A and 1/1, respectively. Furthermore, the system demonstrated excellent long-term stability and anti-scaling performance over 20 days of continuous operation. It could operate stably with raw water containing hardness of ~3.4 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, and the highest resistivity HPW of 15.52 MΩ·cm could be produced with the energy consumption of ~0.19 kWh·m<sup>−3</sup> and the total process of 2.43 USD·m<sup>−3</sup>. In summary, the Conv-EDI system offers a practical and efficient solution for small-scale HPW production, advancing the miniaturization of EDI technology and potentially transforming decentralized HPW supply systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118302"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing global demand for lithium, driven by the rapid expansion of electric vehicles and energy storage systems, underlines the need for efficient lithium recovery technologies. This study explored the potential of using the fractional-submerged membrane distillation crystallizer (F-SMDC) process for recovering lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) crystals from high-salinity solutions. The F-SMDC integrates membrane distillation and cooling crystallization processes within a single reactor, utilizing concentration gradient (CG) and temperature gradient (TG) to enhance water recovery and resource crystallization. We investigated the behaviors of Li2CO3 crystallization, CG, and TG in presence of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). Our results indicated that the low temperature-sensitive solubility of Li2CO3 is the current challenge for CG generation, as Li2CO3 crystallization tends to occur at the top of the reactor (at higher temperatures). Addition of Na2SO4 facilitated CG generation, improving the overall performance of the F-SMDC process for Li2CO3 crystallization at the bottom of the reactor. However, issues such as Li2CO3 crystal deposition on the membrane surface, changes in the CG tendency, and flux stabilization timing were observed. Thus, although F-SMDC shows promise for Li2CO3 recovery from high-salinity solutions, further process optimization is necessary to address the challenges of Li2CO3 crystallization and membrane fouling. Potential integration of additional crystallization techniques could enhance selectivity and recovery efficiency.
{"title":"Recovery of lithium carbonate crystals from a high salinity solution using membrane crystallizer with concentration and temperature gradients","authors":"Youngkwon Choi , Linitho Suu , Joowan Lim , June-Seok Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing global demand for lithium, driven by the rapid expansion of electric vehicles and energy storage systems, underlines the need for efficient lithium recovery technologies. This study explored the potential of using the fractional-submerged membrane distillation crystallizer (F-SMDC) process for recovering lithium carbonate (Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) crystals from high-salinity solutions. The F-SMDC integrates membrane distillation and cooling crystallization processes within a single reactor, utilizing concentration gradient (CG) and temperature gradient (TG) to enhance water recovery and resource crystallization. We investigated the behaviors of Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> crystallization, CG, and TG in presence of sodium sulfate (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Our results indicated that the low temperature-sensitive solubility of Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> is the current challenge for CG generation, as Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> crystallization tends to occur at the top of the reactor (at higher temperatures). Addition of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> facilitated CG generation, improving the overall performance of the F-SMDC process for Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> crystallization at the bottom of the reactor. However, issues such as Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> crystal deposition on the membrane surface, changes in the CG tendency, and flux stabilization timing were observed. Thus, although F-SMDC shows promise for Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> recovery from high-salinity solutions, further process optimization is necessary to address the challenges of Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> crystallization and membrane fouling. Potential integration of additional crystallization techniques could enhance selectivity and recovery efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118311"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118313
Chao Yu , Long D. Nghiem , Linda Zou
This work reported the preparation of a catalytic nanocomposite nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its performance in removing dye and heavy metals without requiring UV irradiation. Two-dimensional (2D) materials MXene and graphene oxide (GO) were employed in developing chitosan-based catalytic nanocomposite membranes for the removal of dye molecules and heavy metals from textile industry wastewater. The incorporated MXene catalytically decomposed the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which oxidize methylene blue (MB) and reduce cobalt (Co2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy confirmed the generation of superoxide radicals (•O2−). The fabricated chitosan/MXene/GO (CMG) membrane in this research exhibited high removal efficiencies of 96 %, 78 % and 76 % for dye, cobalt ions and copper ions, which were 4, 3.9 and 4 times higher than that of neat membrane, respectively. Similar results of 95 % were also observed in total organic matter (TOC) removal for both concentrations of dye. The CMG membrane also showed superior organic fouling resistance. The findings provided a new insight for non-UV dependent catalytic nanocomposite NF to efficiently remove hazardous contaminants such as dye and heavy metals from industrial effluent.
{"title":"Catalytic chitosan/MXene/GO nanocomposite membrane for removing dye and heavy metals","authors":"Chao Yu , Long D. Nghiem , Linda Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reported the preparation of a catalytic nanocomposite nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its performance in removing dye and heavy metals without requiring UV irradiation. Two-dimensional (2D) materials MXene and graphene oxide (GO) were employed in developing chitosan-based catalytic nanocomposite membranes for the removal of dye molecules and heavy metals from textile industry wastewater. The incorporated MXene catalytically decomposed the hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which oxidize methylene blue (MB) and reduce cobalt (Co<sup>2+</sup>) and copper (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) ions. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy confirmed the generation of superoxide radicals (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>). The fabricated chitosan/MXene/GO (CMG) membrane in this research exhibited high removal efficiencies of 96 %, 78 % and 76 % for dye, cobalt ions and copper ions, which were 4, 3.9 and 4 times higher than that of neat membrane, respectively. Similar results of 95 % were also observed in total organic matter (TOC) removal for both concentrations of dye. The CMG membrane also showed superior organic fouling resistance. The findings provided a new insight for non-UV dependent catalytic nanocomposite NF to efficiently remove hazardous contaminants such as dye and heavy metals from industrial effluent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118313"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study explores potential applications of state-of-the-art thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis (TFN-FO) membranes, modified with histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (His-GQDs) and MIP-202(Zr) nanoparticles (NPs), for sustainable desalination and heavy metal ions rejection. The porous and layered structure of the applied NPs, along with various hydrophilic functional groups on their surface, contribute to improving the fabricated membranes' ion/water separation performance. The successful preparation and incorporation of desired NPs into the polyamide layer was investigated using typical analytical methods. Under the common FO test conditions, the best-performing TFN-MQ2 membrane displayed a water flux of 21.8 LMH, which was over 1.5 times greater than the water flux of blank TFC. Simultaneously, the selectivity was found to be approximately 1.7 times greater than that of the unmodified TFC membrane. Moreover, the optimal TFN-MQ2 membrane exhibited superior rejection rates for Cu2+ ions (98.5 %) and Pb2+ ions (98.1 %), surpassing all other samples in heavy metal ion rejection. The findings of this study suggest that carefully choosing cost-efficient and eco-friendly nanofillers (such as amino acid-based NPs) can enhance the desalination performance of TFN-FO membranes and bolster their resistance to fouling and rejection of heavy metal ions. Not to mention, the overall costs of membrane production will be reduced.
{"title":"Amino acid-based nanoparticles-incorporated thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes for efficient desalination and heavy metal ions rejection","authors":"Arshad Bayrami , Mojtaba Bagherzadeh , Mojtaba Amini , Farzad Seidi","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study explores potential applications of state-of-the-art thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis (TFN-FO) membranes, modified with histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (His-GQDs) and MIP-202(Zr) nanoparticles (NPs), for sustainable desalination and heavy metal ions rejection. The porous and layered structure of the applied NPs, along with various hydrophilic functional groups on their surface, contribute to improving the fabricated membranes' ion/water separation performance. The successful preparation and incorporation of desired NPs into the polyamide layer was investigated using typical analytical methods. Under the common FO test conditions, the best-performing TFN-MQ<sub>2</sub> membrane displayed a water flux of 21.8 LMH, which was over 1.5 times greater than the water flux of blank TFC. Simultaneously, the selectivity was found to be approximately 1.7 times greater than that of the unmodified TFC membrane. Moreover, the optimal TFN-MQ<sub>2</sub> membrane exhibited superior rejection rates for Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions (98.5 %) and Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions (98.1 %), surpassing all other samples in heavy metal ion rejection. The findings of this study suggest that carefully choosing cost-efficient and eco-friendly nanofillers (such as amino acid-based NPs) can enhance the desalination performance of TFN-FO membranes and bolster their resistance to fouling and rejection of heavy metal ions. Not to mention, the overall costs of membrane production will be reduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118312"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118301
Hanjin Jiang , Yanan Guo , Zhiwen Zou , Le Zhao , Zhi Wang , Dong Wang , Xiaoyi Wang , Ling Zhang , Chaoquan Hu
Harvesting freshwater via solar interfacial evaporation is a promising strategy with net-zero emissions. To achieve long-term stable freshwater acquisition, researchers have developed dynamic solar-driven water evaporators. However, these evaporators exhibit limited evaporation rates due to the insufficient photothermal conversion properties of the materials used. In this study, we prepared Co9S8/CoNiO2/Au composite materials through in-situ topological transformation, thereby improving the effect of the heterogeneous crystal lattice mismatch on electron transport. By embedding these materials into a spherical polyurethane sponge, we developed a new type of self-rotating evaporator with a solar full-spectrum absorbance of 95.84 %. The evaporator stably exhibited an evaporation rate of 3.10 kg m−2 h−1 within 240 h in saturated brine. The present work provides insights into the preparation of photothermal composites and the development of high-efficiency stable solar evaporators.
{"title":"Synthesis of layered Co9S8-based composites for high-efficiency rotating evaporation of saturated brine","authors":"Hanjin Jiang , Yanan Guo , Zhiwen Zou , Le Zhao , Zhi Wang , Dong Wang , Xiaoyi Wang , Ling Zhang , Chaoquan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Harvesting freshwater via solar interfacial evaporation is a promising strategy with net-zero emissions. To achieve long-term stable freshwater acquisition, researchers have developed dynamic solar-driven water evaporators. However, these evaporators exhibit limited evaporation rates due to the insufficient photothermal conversion properties of the materials used. In this study, we prepared Co<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>/CoNiO<sub>2</sub>/Au composite materials through in-situ topological transformation, thereby improving the effect of the heterogeneous crystal lattice mismatch on electron transport. By embedding these materials into a spherical polyurethane sponge, we developed a new type of self-rotating evaporator with a solar full-spectrum absorbance of 95.84 %. The evaporator stably exhibited an evaporation rate of 3.10 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> within 240 h in saturated brine. The present work provides insights into the preparation of photothermal composites and the development of high-efficiency stable solar evaporators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118301"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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