Physiological Pathway, diagnosis and nanotechnology based treatment strategies for ovarian Cancer: A review

Ovarian cancer is a fatal disease requiring great attention from the scientific community to find novel ways for diagnosis and treatment. Most ovarian malignancies, or 90% of cases, are epithelial ovarian cancers. HGSC (High Grade Ovarian Cancer) is the most prevalent subtype, and the majority of women who are diagnosed with it eventually develop resistance to standard treatments. Expression of genes linked to these immune pathways and increased cytotoxic immune cell infiltration is primarily associated with HGSC cancer that shows DNA damage repair gene deficiency and high chromosomal instability. Currently, chemotherapy, radiation, and cytoreduction are the most common forms of treatment; nevertheless, in the absence of targeted therapies, patients experience unfavorable side effects and develop drug resistance. It is critical to understand the intricate biology of the disease and find relevant biomarkers in order to make an early diagnosis or anticipate how a patient will respond to a given treatment. Interferon activating medicines have been studied as a potential means of enhancing anti-tumor immunity in ovarian cancer. Chemical and biological nano-sensors have also been developed to detect different types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. Further, the application of nanotechnology for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes makes it a more convenient, target-specific, and side effect free delivery system for ovarian cancer treatment. A combination of nanotechnology with the physiological biomarkers and therapeutic agents created a novel system of nano theranostics, which have the potential of real-time monitoring and diagnosis and simultaneous delivery of the therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.