Development of Micro-radioisotope Thermoelectric Power Supply for Deep Space Exploration Distributed Wireless Sensor Network

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is a device that directly converts the decay heat of a radioisotope into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect of a thermoelectric material. The constant decay of the radioisotope heat source produces heat as a system energy source. The thermoelectric module uses materials to obtain electric energy by Seebeck effect. The structure and size of the thermoelectric converter need to be optimized for different radioisotope heat sources. The power has stable output performance, sustainable operation, and strong environmental adaptability. Space micro-scientific instruments require power supplies that are sustainable, stable, and long-life. The micro radioisotope thermoelectric generator can be invoked as a sustainable long-life power supply in low-power device applications. The miniaturized RTG can be applied in long-term service meteorological/seismic monitoring stations that are widely distributed on the surface of the planet, small landing vehicles at extreme latitudes or areas with low solar flux, atmospheric-surface-flow monitoring systems, underground detectors, deep space micro spacecraft, wireless sensor networks, self-powered radiation sensors, deep-space robot probes, and radio observatories on the lunar surface. This study innovatively proposes micro stacked-integrated annular-radial radioisotope thermoelectric generator and prepares an integrated prototype to drive an RF2500-based radiofrequency wireless sensor network, and monitors the temperature of each node for a long time as a demonstration. A high-performance micro radioisotope thermoelectric generators module based on the flexible printed circuit and bismuth telluride thick film was designed and prepared by screen printing. They are tested by a loading electrically heated equivalent radioisotope heat source. The output performance of the micro-RTG at different ambient temperatures is further evaluated. When loaded with ²³⁸PuO₂ radioisotope heat sources, an integrated prototype would generate an open-circuit voltage of 0.815 V, a short-circuit current of 0.551 mA, and an output power of 114.38 µW at 0.408 V. When loaded with a ⁹⁰SrTiO₃ or ²⁴¹AmO₂ radioisotope heat source, the prototype produced 66.38% and 6.15% of the output power (compared to ²³⁸PuO₂), respectively. In the impact evaluation on ambient temperature, the electrical output performance of the prototype increases with increasing temperature (− 30 to 120 °C). In the evaluation of the effects of long-term radioisotope irradiation, the output performance decreased slightly as the irradiation dose was increased during the service period. The stack-integrated micro radioisotope thermoelectric generator developed in this study is expected to provide reliable power support for space micro-scientific instruments, especially distributed wireless sensor networks.