沿着南部山脉边界的实验性雪鞋兔遣返揭示了历史上的群落相互作用

IF 7.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Ecological Monographs Pub Date : 2022-02-07 DOI:10.1002/ecm.1509
Evan C. Wilson, Benjamin Zuckerberg, M. Zachariah Peery, Jonathan N. Pauli
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引用次数: 3

摘要

气候变化正在改变全球的种间相互作用,但由于变化的非生物和生物条件的直接和间接影响,社区层面的响应难以预测。雪靴兔(Lepus americanus)特别容易受到积雪减少和由此导致的伪装不匹配的影响。该物种与豪猪(Erethizon dorsatum)和松鸡(Bonasa umbellus)等其他猎物共享一套捕食者,并且这三种物种在历史上都表现出同步的种群动态。最近,这个群落已经部分解体,特别是随着雪鞋兔的消失和相关的敌人介导的间接相互作用,这是由于雪持续时间的减少。具体来说,我们假设20世纪90年代初野兔的灭绝间接增加了松鸡和豪猪的捕食压力。为了验证我们的假设,我们实验性地将96只雪鞋兔迁移到北部和南部森林之间的区域过渡带,在那里最近雪鞋兔被消灭,并在迁移之前,期间和之后监测社区成员。松鸡与豪猪和雪鞋兔之间的生物相互作用只有松散的联系,这可能是由于鸟类捕食者的捕食和冬季积雪深度下降的强烈负面直接影响。相比之下,在遣返后,与没有野兔的时期相比,新生豪猪的捕食几乎不存在。这种突然的捕食减少并没有增加总体存活率,因为寒冷的早春天气增加了非捕食死亡率。豪猪直接受益于暖冬:积雪减少增加了成虫存活率,分娩前后温度升高提高了母体状况,减少了新生儿非捕食性死亡。我们的实验操作表明,敌人介导的间接相互作用可能是这个社区的重要特征;然而,气候变化破坏了这些相互作用,导致中心猎物物种(雪鞋兔)的灭绝和替代猎物物种(豪猪)的捕食增加。我们发现气候变化带来了复杂的影响,一些物种受到了直接的负面影响,而另一些物种则受益于暖冬的直接影响,但却受到了间接相互作用的负面影响。由于没有雪鞋兔和相关的生物相互作用,这种群落模块不太可能持续存在,可能导致沿后缘分布的无模拟群落发生改变。
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Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions

Climate change is altering interspecific interactions globally, yet community-level responses are difficult to predict due to both the direct and indirect effects of changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are particularly vulnerable to decreasing snow cover and resultant camouflage mismatch. This species shares a suite of predators with alternative prey species including porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), and all three species historically exhibited synchronized population dynamics. Recently, the community has become partially disassembled, notably with the loss of snowshoe hares and associated enemy-mediated indirect interactions resulting from declining snow duration. Specifically, we hypothesized that the extirpation of hares in the early 1990s indirectly increased predation pressure on ruffed grouse and porcupines. To test our hypothesis, we experimentally translocated 96 snowshoe hares to a site within a regional ecotone between northern and southern forests where snowshoe hares were recently extirpated and monitored community members before, during, and after translocation. Ruffed grouse were only loosely associated with the biotic interactions that linked porcupines and snowshoe hares, likely due to predation occurring from avian predators and strong negative direct effects of declining winter snow depths. In contrast, predation of neonate porcupines was virtually non-existent following repatriation, compared with periods without hares. This abrupt attenuation of predation did not increase overall survival due to increased non-predation mortality from cold, early spring weather. Porcupines directly benefited from warming winters: decreased snow cover increased adult survival and warmer temperatures around parturition increased maternal condition and reduced non-predation causes of mortality for neonates. Our experimental manipulation suggests that enemy-mediated indirect interactions were likely to be important features of this community; however, climate change has disrupted these interactions, resulting in extirpation of a central prey species (snowshoe hare) and increased predation of an alternative prey species (porcupine). We show complex effects from climate change with some species directly and negatively affected, while others benefited from direct effects of warming winters, but suffered negative effects from indirect interactions. Due to absent snowshoe hares and associated biotic interactions, continued persistence of this community module is unlikely, potentially resulting in altered no-analog communities along trailing edge distributions.

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来源期刊
Ecological Monographs
Ecological Monographs 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
12.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
61
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The vision for Ecological Monographs is that it should be the place for publishing integrative, synthetic papers that elaborate new directions for the field of ecology. Original Research Papers published in Ecological Monographs will continue to document complex observational, experimental, or theoretical studies that by their very integrated nature defy dissolution into shorter publications focused on a single topic or message. Reviews will be comprehensive and synthetic papers that establish new benchmarks in the field, define directions for future research, contribute to fundamental understanding of ecological principles, and derive principles for ecological management in its broadest sense (including, but not limited to: conservation, mitigation, restoration, and pro-active protection of the environment). Reviews should reflect the full development of a topic and encompass relevant natural history, observational and experimental data, analyses, models, and theory. Reviews published in Ecological Monographs should further blur the boundaries between “basic” and “applied” ecology. Concepts and Synthesis papers will conceptually advance the field of ecology. These papers are expected to go well beyond works being reviewed and include discussion of new directions, new syntheses, and resolutions of old questions. In this world of rapid scientific advancement and never-ending environmental change, there needs to be room for the thoughtful integration of scientific ideas, data, and concepts that feeds the mind and guides the development of the maturing science of ecology. Ecological Monographs provides that room, with an expansive view to a sustainable future.
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