Biogeochemical transformations after the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis and conditions for the first rise of atmospheric oxygen

The advent of oxygenic photosynthesis represents the most prominent biological innovation in the evolutionary history of the Earth. The exact timing of the evolution of oxygenic photoautotrophic bacteria remains elusive, yet these bacteria profoundly altered the redox state of the ocean–atmosphere–biosphere system, ultimately causing the first major rise in atmospheric oxygen (O₂)—the so-called Great Oxidation Event (GOE)—during the Paleoproterozoic (~2.5–2.2 Ga). However, it remains unclear how the coupled atmosphere–marine biosphere system behaved after the emergence of oxygenic photoautotrophs (OP), affected global biogeochemical cycles, and led to the GOE. Here, we employ a coupled atmospheric photochemistry and marine microbial ecosystem model to comprehensively explore the intimate links between the atmosphere and marine biosphere driven by the expansion of OP, and the biogeochemical conditions of the GOE. When the primary productivity of OP sufficiently increases in the ocean, OP suppresses the activity of the anaerobic microbial ecosystem by reducing the availability of electron donors (H₂ and CO) in the biosphere and causes climate cooling by reducing the level of atmospheric methane (CH₄). This can be attributed to the supply of OH radicals from biogenic O₂, which is a primary sink of biogenic CH₄ and electron donors in the atmosphere. Our typical result also demonstrates that the GOE is triggered when the net primary production of OP exceeds >~5% of the present oceanic value. A globally frozen snowball Earth event could be triggered if the atmospheric CO₂ level was sufficiently small (<~40 present atmospheric level; PAL) because the concentration of CH₄ in the atmosphere would decrease faster than the climate mitigation by the carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle. These results support a prolonged anoxic atmosphere after the emergence of OP during the Archean and the occurrence of the GOE and snowball Earth event during the Paleoproterozoic.