《义和团手抄本》:一份16世纪晚期西班牙手稿的抄写和翻译,内容涉及太平洋、东南亚和东亚的地理、历史和民族志

IF 0.4 4区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI:10.1080/00223344.2016.1250329
Andrea Ballesteros Danel
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The differentiation of these terms and the complex ways they are used reflects the racial and cultural diversity of NewCaledonia and the changes in people’s perception of their identity. The author gives a detailed account of the evolving political relationship between France and New Caledonia and how recent political and social changes have led Kanak to develop and strengthen their sense of unity and accommodate new socio-political structures despite still being bound by blood relationships and traditions. Kanak identity is thus transforming and becoming multi-tiered. At the same time, political aspirations have changed from Kanak independence to the restoration of traditional rights and dignity as the Indigenous people of the island. The issues raised by the author are too numerous to discuss, but I would like to draw attention to the word ‘partner’, which the author uses several times. ‘Partner’ was a key word for the late Jean-Marie Tjibaou, a Kanak independence leader (pp. 223, 267), who said in 1985 that Kanak needed to regain sovereignty over their country and that sovereignty meant the right to choose partners. This evokes memories of first visits to tribus (reserves) and la coutume, a formalised greeting where the visitor offers the village chief a present and the chief responds with a standard discourse such as, ‘Thank you for visiting...Now that you have done this coutume, you will always be welcome here... ’ I believe this custom reflects the same spirit of accepting the other as a ‘partner’ and treating him or her as a trustworthy ally, an important act in Kanak society. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

整个国家。在“民族叙事”中,作者描述了“卡纳克”一词是如何指代新喀里多尼亚的美拉尼西亚人的。这个词来源于夏威夷语kanaka,意思是“人”,最初用来指太平洋岛民,但对殖民主义者来说,它变成了一个贬义词。然而,卡纳克人开始用它来表达和象征他们作为一个民族共同体的团结,并将法语的“canque”拼写改为“Kanak”(第40 - 45,460页)。另一个词Caledonian最初用来指新喀里多尼亚的所有居民,但现在已经开始专门用来指欧洲血统的人,包括那些混血儿,而不是一个更古老的词Caldoches。这些术语的差异及其复杂的使用方式反映了新喀里多尼亚的种族和文化多样性以及人们对其身份的看法的变化。作者详细叙述了法国和新喀里多尼亚之间不断演变的政治关系,以及最近的政治和社会变化如何使卡纳克人发展和加强他们的团结意识,并适应新的社会政治结构,尽管他们仍然受到血缘关系和传统的束缚。因此,卡纳克人的身份正在转变并变得多层次。与此同时,政治愿望已从卡纳克人的独立转变为恢复该岛土著人民的传统权利和尊严。作者提出的问题太多了,无法讨论,但我想提请注意作者多次使用的“伙伴”一词。“伙伴”是已故卡纳克独立领袖让-马里·蒂巴乌(Jean-Marie Tjibaou)的关键词,他在1985年说,卡纳克需要重新获得对自己国家的主权,而主权意味着选择伙伴的权利。这唤起了人们对第一次访问tribus(保留区)和la coutume的记忆,这是一种正式的问候,游客向村长提供一份礼物,村长用标准的话语回应,例如,“感谢您的来访……既然你完成了这件服装,你在这里将永远受欢迎……“我相信这种习俗反映了同样的精神,即把对方当作‘伙伴’,把他或她当作值得信赖的盟友,这是卡纳克社会的重要行为。”日本也有类似的社会习俗,通常被称为uchi(内圈),这是亲密和放松的,而soto(外圈)则更疏远和正式。我非常推荐江户的出版物。它成功地描绘了卡纳克身份的复杂性质,卡纳克身份是通过与殖民势力的斗争而形成的,以重新获得作为土著的自尊和权利。但江户的作品远不止于描述历史事实。她对卡纳克人进行了大量采访,亲身见证了卡纳克人对周围不断变化的世界的看法和感受,以及他们对自己的土地、文化、语言和国家的关心程度。
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The Boxer Codex: transcription and translation of an illustrated late sixteenth-century Spanish manuscript concerning the geography, history and ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia
the nation as a whole. In ‘narratives of nation’, the author describes how the word ‘Kanak’ came to refer to the Melanesian people of New Caledonia. Derived from Hawaiian kanaka, meaning ‘person’, the word was initially used to refer to Pacific Islanders, but for the colonialists, it became a derogatory term. Kanak, however, started using it with a positive connotation to express and symbolise their unity as one national community and changed the spelling from the French ‘Canaque’ to ‘Kanak’ (pp. 40–45, 460). Another term, Caledonian, was initially used to refer to all the inhabitants of New Caledonia but has begun to be used more specifically for people of European descent, including those of mixed race, in preference to an older term, Caldoches. The differentiation of these terms and the complex ways they are used reflects the racial and cultural diversity of NewCaledonia and the changes in people’s perception of their identity. The author gives a detailed account of the evolving political relationship between France and New Caledonia and how recent political and social changes have led Kanak to develop and strengthen their sense of unity and accommodate new socio-political structures despite still being bound by blood relationships and traditions. Kanak identity is thus transforming and becoming multi-tiered. At the same time, political aspirations have changed from Kanak independence to the restoration of traditional rights and dignity as the Indigenous people of the island. The issues raised by the author are too numerous to discuss, but I would like to draw attention to the word ‘partner’, which the author uses several times. ‘Partner’ was a key word for the late Jean-Marie Tjibaou, a Kanak independence leader (pp. 223, 267), who said in 1985 that Kanak needed to regain sovereignty over their country and that sovereignty meant the right to choose partners. This evokes memories of first visits to tribus (reserves) and la coutume, a formalised greeting where the visitor offers the village chief a present and the chief responds with a standard discourse such as, ‘Thank you for visiting...Now that you have done this coutume, you will always be welcome here... ’ I believe this custom reflects the same spirit of accepting the other as a ‘partner’ and treating him or her as a trustworthy ally, an important act in Kanak society. Japan has a similar social practice, often described as uchi (inner circle), which is intimate and relaxed, as against soto (outer circle), which is more distant and formal. I recommend Edo’s publication very highly. It successfully depicts the complex nature of Kanak identity, which has been formed through a struggle against a colonial power to regain self-esteem and rights as autochthons. But Edo’s work goes further than merely describing the historical facts. Her numerous interviews are personal testimonies to how Kanak individuals perceive and feel about the changing world around them and how much they care about their land, culture, language and country.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.50
自引率
33.30%
发文量
54
期刊介绍: The Journal of Pacific History is a refereed international journal serving historians, prehistorians, anthropologists and others interested in the study of mankind in the Pacific Islands (including Hawaii and New Guinea), and is concerned generally with political, economic, religious and cultural factors affecting human presence there. It publishes articles, annotated previously unpublished manuscripts, notes on source material and comment on current affairs. It also welcomes articles on other geographical regions, such as Africa and Southeast Asia, or of a theoretical character, where these are concerned with problems of significance in the Pacific.
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