人口工程,伊拉克库尔德人的强制驱逐,以及种族清洗和种族灭绝问题

IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE State Crime Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI:10.13169/statecrime.11.2.0188
Kaziwa Salih
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引用次数: 1

摘要

伊拉克政府在盛产石油的库尔德地区基尔库克(Kirkuk)和哈纳沁(Khanaqin)开展的人口工程始于20世纪20年代初,一直持续到今天。阿拉伯化作为控制该地区石油收入的地缘政治战略的历史和用途已被调查(Talabany 2008;2011)。在这些不同的人口和种族结构中的种族灭绝问题仍未得到充分研究。本文以跨学科视角为基础,研究了某些政府文件,并遵循John McGarry(1998)和Paul Morland(2016)的观点,使用“人口工程”一词来描述伊拉克的人口规模控制、领土变化和没收库尔德财产。首先,它突出了种族灭绝问题及其与库尔德省人口和民族建设的联系。其次,它认为,从奥斯曼帝国时期到2003年萨达姆•侯赛因(Saddam Hussein)政权垮台,库尔德人经历了软硬两种形式的人口工程。Morland(2016)将硬人口工程定义为通过增加或减少人口来故意修改领土的人口统计。间接的软手段改变了族群的身份或改变了领土边界。文章最后重申,伊拉克库尔德人的人口工程不仅是“一种冲突调节技术”(McGarry 1998: 613),也是一种产生地缘政治和种族认同转变的手段。
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Demographic Engineering, the Forcible Deportation of the Kurds in Iraq, and the Question of Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide 1
The Iraqi state-directed demographic engineering of the oil-rich Kurdish districts of Kirkuk and Khanaqin was launched in the early 1920s and has continued to the present day. The history and use of Arabization as a geopolitical strategy for controlling oil revenue in the region has been investigated (Talabany 2008; 2011). The issue of genocide within these various demographic and ethnic constructions remains understudied. This article, informed by interdisciplinary perspectives, examines certain government documents, and follows John McGarry (1998) and Paul Morland (2016) in deploying the term “demographic engineering” to describe the control of population size, territorial changes, and the confiscation of Kurdish properties in Iraq. First, it highlights the question of genocide and its nexuses with demographic and ethnic construction in the Kurdish provinces. Second, it argues that the Kurds experienced both hard and soft forms of demographic engineering from the time of the Ottoman Empire to the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003. Morland (2016) defines hard demographic engineering as the deliberate modification of a territory’s demographics by increasing or decreasing its population. The indirect soft approach shifts the identities of ethnic groups or alters territorial borders. The article concludes by reiterating that the demographic engineering of Kurds in Iraq was not only “a technique of conflict regulation” (McGarry 1998: 613) but also a means of producing geopolitical and ethnic identity shifts.
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来源期刊
State Crime
State Crime POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
1.80
自引率
12.50%
发文量
2
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