Current Strategies to Improve Efficiency of Recombinant Subunit Vaccines

Global population growth and rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of developing effective vaccination strategies, and subunit vaccines hold great promise for meeting market demand. Compared to traditional whole-cell vaccines, subunit vaccines contain only a part of the infectious microorganism to induce an immune response against the main pathogen. Recent advances in molecular biology have paved the way for the development of recombinant subunit vaccines to provide ideal vaccination strategies. The production of these vaccines is a multi-step process in which each stage should be thoroughly evaluated with the goal of improving vaccine efficiency while remaining cost-effective. In this review, different approaches used for the improvement of recombinant subunit vaccines are described, considering production steps and vaccine formulations. Firstly, a brief summary is presented about different types of vaccines, especially recombinant subunit vaccines, and then several strategies, including novel expression systems, the selection of suitable adjuvants, and the integration of nanotechnology into the vaccine formulations are detailed in the light of the most recent progress. This article highlights the critical aspects of the development of more effective recombinant subunit vaccines with broad-spectrum protection