HISTORY OF APPLICATION OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS FOR NEUROAXIAL BLOCKS

Modern anesthesia is a very complex process, in which an important role is played not only by a highly qualified specialist, making quick and deliberate decisions in emergency and planned situations, but also a set of ways to solve the problems faced by him. This review provides information on pharmacological drugs – anesthetics, used to perform spinal and epidural anesthesia, which are described in chronological order. The origin of anesthetics is considered; as well as their inventors and promoters, positive and negative effects; indications and contraindications; choices of local anesthetics for various surgical interventions; methods of their application; dose and volume; and physiological effects of neuraxial blocks. In recent years, there have been global changes in the pharmacological arsenal of anesthesiologists. New pain management drugs with significant benefits have emerged. Modern anesthetics provide a longer analgesic effect than their precursors, lack significant toxic effect, do not cause significant hemodynamic changes during surgery, and have a short latency period, which allows them to be recommended for spinal, epidural and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Keywords: Local anesthetics, spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, spinal-epidural anesthesia.