知识产权,收费还是免费?

Q2 Arts and Humanities Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI:10.3172/JIE.21.2.114
Judy Anderson
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The Web software advancements made it easy to move text and graphics from one location to another and to download music, videos, and eBooks. Until very recently, little thought was given to purchasing the right to use materials posted to the Web. \"Free\" became an accepted norm for a vast majority of users. This \"sharing\" was fun. The amount of labor that originally went into creating the work that was being forwarded, posted, or repackaged was not considered. The idea that someone should get paid for the content being used did not enter most users' minds. The common perception was that it was there for anyone to use, a concept from earlier days when the Internet was a closed system accessed primarily by scholars openly sharing their work. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

在过去的三个世纪里,世界真的发生了变化吗?资讯的丰富性,让大众接触互联网,无疑为科技行业带来了新的繁荣,但这是否改变了我们使用他人创意作品的价值观?1995年互联网问世后,数据和图像的便捷获取带来了信息价值的转变。它不再是学者、研究人员和政府工作人员的共享资源,而是任何能够购买或使用网络连接的人都能够分享和贡献在网络空间中积累的信息财富。在很短的时间内,开发了用于访问数据的新接口。互联网最初的文化是共享和开放访问;随着越来越多的人联网,这种心态也在继续。网络软件的进步使得将文本和图形从一个位置移动到另一个位置以及下载音乐、视频和电子书变得容易。直到最近,人们还很少考虑购买网上发布的资料的使用权。“免费”成为绝大多数用户接受的标准。这种“分享”很有趣。最初用于创建被转发、发布或重新打包的工作的工作量没有被考虑在内。大多数用户并没有想到有人应该为所使用的内容付费。普遍的看法是,它是任何人都可以使用的,这是一个来自早期的概念,当时互联网是一个封闭的系统,主要由学者公开分享他们的工作。但是,最初带来版权的基本意识形态正在发生变化。既然媒体已经成为自由市场交易和创业的另一种途径,那么保护原创、创造性作品的使用方式以及从作品中获取收益(即知识产权)的斗争就重新浮出水面。对于作者或艺术家需要能够通过创造性作品养活自己的新认识正在重新出现,这挑战了那些认为没有原创性,所有创造力都来自社区活动的人的观点,这意味着每个人都有义务无偿地与所有人分享这些成果。每一种观点都是在个人自由与社会需要之间取得平衡的道德立场。电子访问和社交媒体将数百万有创造力的人带到了舞台上,他们不需要收入,也不认为使用别人的作品是在拿走别人的薪水,因为“只要在互联网上,一切都是免费的,可以分享的。”这场斗争的根源可能不是印刷机发明后的第一次大规模印刷,但那个时代确实努力在知识产权所有权的概念之间找到共同点,这些概念是基于原创性存在的前提,而那些认为原创性是不可能的,因为所有的想法都是基于他人的想法,不能拥有。在知识产权和知识自由的问题上,双方都有很多积极的方面。例如,在写作、作曲和艺术作品中投入的想法和努力得到报酬是值得称赞的,并且有可能激发个人的新作品。我们的社会通过物品的货币价格和对创造这件作品的个人的认可来表明它的价值。几个世纪以来,利润在让个人自由追求自己的激情方面发挥了重要作用。作为教育和激励他人进行创作的一种手段,大量发行作品也有其价值。原创性,如果有这种可能性的话,强调从各种来源和观点中获取信息并将这些知识应用于新领域或问题的重要性;鼓励以他人的知识为基础。它对我们的社会有价值。今天的电子媒介提供了一个融合他人作品的机会,与社区分享,并创造原创作品以产生收入。…
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Intellectual Property, Fee or Free?
Has the world really changed in the last three centuries? There is an abundance of information and bringing the public onto the internet has certainly brought a new boom to the technology sector, but has it changed our values for using another's creative works?After the Internet went public in 1995, easy access to data and images brought a shiftin the value of information. Instead of being a shared resource for academics, researchers, and government workers, anyone able to buy or use a connection to the network was able to share and contribute to the wealth of information that was accumulating in cyberspace. Over a very short time span, new interfaces for accessing the data were developed. The original culture of the Internet was one of sharing and open access; this mind set continued as more people became connected. The Web software advancements made it easy to move text and graphics from one location to another and to download music, videos, and eBooks. Until very recently, little thought was given to purchasing the right to use materials posted to the Web. "Free" became an accepted norm for a vast majority of users. This "sharing" was fun. The amount of labor that originally went into creating the work that was being forwarded, posted, or repackaged was not considered. The idea that someone should get paid for the content being used did not enter most users' minds. The common perception was that it was there for anyone to use, a concept from earlier days when the Internet was a closed system accessed primarily by scholars openly sharing their work. But there is a shifttaking place that holds the basic ideology that first brought copyright into existence.Now that the medium is established as another avenue of free market trading and entrepreneurship, the struggle to protect how one's original, creative work is being used and to extract revenue from that work, i.e., intellectual property rights, is resurfacing. A new appreciation for the need for an author or artist to be able to support him or herself through creative works is reemerging to challenge the viewpoint of those who believe that there is no originality, that all creativity comes from community activity, implying that each has an obligation to share those results, without cost, with everyone. Each view is a moral stand on freedom for the individual balanced against the needs of the community.Electronic access and social media have brought millions of creative people onto the scene who do not need the revenue or do not consider that using another's work as taking away someone's paycheck because "everything is free and available to share if it's on the Internet." The battle may not have had its roots in the first mass printings with the invention of the printing press, but that era did struggle to find common ground between the concept of ownership for intellectual property based on the premise that originality exists and those who hold the opinion that originality is not possible because all ideas are based on the ideas of others and cannot be owned. There are many positives on each side of the issue of intellectual property and intellectual freedom. For example, being paid for the ideas and effort put into writing, composing, and artistic works is laudable and has the potential to inspire new works from that individual. Our society shows that something is of value by the monetary price the item has been given and the recognition given to the individual who created the work. Centuries have shown the importance for profit in freeing individuals to pursue their own passions. There is also value in mass distribution of works as a means to educate and inspire others to create. Originality, if there is such a possibility, stresses the importance of bringing information from a variety of sources and viewpoints and applying that knowledge to a new realm or problem; building on the knowledge of others is encouraged. It has value in our society. Today's electronic medium has provided an opportunity to blend building on the works of others to share with the community and creating original works to generate income. …
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Journal of Information Ethics
Journal of Information Ethics Arts and Humanities-Philosophy
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