加拿大在非核工业中应用放射性材料和小型反应堆所产生的放射性废物的管理及其对今后新应用的影响

IF 1.6 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AIMS Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI:10.3934/environsci.2021039
George Xu, Nicholas Chan
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引用次数: 1

摘要

目前,在教育、石油和天然气、消费品、研究和医药等非核工业中使用了大量由小型反应堆辐照和(或)加速器核反应产生的人工来源放射性核素。在非核工业中使用这些放射性核素产生的放射性废物包括过期的密封放射源、生物材料、含放射性核素的化学品、受污染的设备和极少量的用过核燃料。虽然这些废物不像核能生产和研究废物流那样具有挑战性和复杂性,但它们受加拿大核安全委员会的共同核条例的约束,并按照加拿大标准协会、国际原子能机构和国际标准化组织制定的国内和国际标准和准则进行管理。加拿大核工业中使用的管理方法通常适用于非核工业放射性废物流,例如废物处理、处理、包装、储存、运输、清关和豁免以及处置。放射性核素在非核应用中的半衰期从数小时到数千年不等,其在非核工业应用中的活动可低至其清除水平,也可高至中等水平放射性废物的上限。只含有短半衰期放射性核素的废物被放置在临时储存处以允许衰变,然后通过非放射性废物途径进行清除和处置。不可清除的废物与核工业产生的放射性废物一起在指定的放射性废物管理点进行处理、合并和管理。
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Management of radioactive waste from application of radioactive materials and small reactors in non-nuclear industries in Canada and the implications for their new application in the future
A large number of artificial-origin radionuclides from irradiation in small reactors and/or nuclear reactions in accelerators are currently used in non-nuclear industries such as education, oil and gas, consumer merchandise, research, and medicine. Radioactive wastes from the use of these radionuclides in non-nuclear industries include expired sealed radioactive sources, biological materials, radionuclide-containing chemicals, contaminated equipment, and very small quantities of used nuclear fuel. Although being less challenging and complex than nuclear energy production and research waste streams, these wastes are subject to the common nuclear regulations by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, and are managed following domestic and international standards and guidelines made by the Canadian Standards Association, International Atomic Energy Agency, and International Organization for Standardization. Management practices used in the nuclear industry in Canada are commonly applied to the non-nuclear industry radioactive waste streams, such as waste handling, treatment, packaging, storage, transportation, clearance and exemptions, and disposal. The half-lives of radionuclides in non‑nuclear applications range from hours to thousands of years, and their activities in non-nuclear industrial applications can be as low as their clearance level or as high as the upper limits for intermediate level radioactive waste. Waste containing only short half-life radionuclides is placed in temporary storage to allow decay, and then is cleared and disposed of through non-radioactive waste routes. Non‑clearable waste materials are treated, consolidated, and managed along with radioactive waste generated from the nuclear industries at designated radioactive waste management sites.
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来源期刊
AIMS Environmental Science
AIMS Environmental Science ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
31
审稿时长
5 weeks
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