战争期间和战争结束后爱沙尼亚媒体对格鲁吉亚-阿布哈兹战争(1992-1993)的报道

Q2 Social Sciences Maetagused Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI:10.7592/mt2022.84.jyrgenson
A. Jürgenson
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在爱沙尼亚人的心目中,阿布哈兹主要与居住在那里的爱沙尼亚人联系在一起。1992年8月格鲁吉亚-阿布哈兹战争爆发时,爱沙尼亚国家于同年秋天从阿布哈兹撤离了大约170名爱沙尼亚人及其家属。爱沙尼亚媒体对战争本身的接受程度很低,这与爱沙尼亚人在那里的情况有关,但也审查了战争的动机和直接原因以及战争事件的发展。波罗的海新闻社的一名记者观察了爱沙尼亚人的撤离,并在现场报道了战争事件,但大多数作者都在爱沙尼亚工作,使用各种来源。在今天的背景下,来自俄罗斯信息渠道的材料被使用的程度似乎令人惊讶,但在当时这是可以理解的:俄罗斯比西方机构更积极地报道其边境国家的事件。从俄文报纸直接翻译的材料也在爱沙尼亚报刊上发表。来源的选择也影响了当时事件被调解的框架。几十年来,爱沙尼亚传播媒介对战争的报道经历了重大的发展。战争期间发表的文章以中立的方式报道了这些事件,与其说同情侵略者,不如说同情阿布哈兹人。虽然在战争的前半段,高加索山区人民联盟的战士被描述为阿布哈兹人的盟友,但在战争结束时发表的文章中有时包括俄罗斯人,尽管没有解释俄罗斯人的贡献。然而,即使在战争结束时,报道基本上保持中立,传达格鲁吉亚人和阿布哈兹人的观点。从1994年中期开始,对战争的接受开始发生变化,这与格鲁吉亚在国际上的自我主张有关。国际组织的报告日益强调格鲁吉亚战争难民和格鲁吉亚要求领土完整的问题。这一点也反映在爱沙尼亚的新闻媒介上,阿布哈兹人越来越多地被称为没有独立权利的分离主义者。但是,直到1990年代末,发表的一些文章也提供了阿布哈兹对事件的看法。爱沙尼亚采取了与西方一体化的明确方向,但对格鲁吉亚的方向没有明确的了解,这也影响到爱沙尼亚媒体对格鲁吉亚-阿布哈兹关系的态度。格鲁吉亚领导人谢瓦尔德纳泽(Eduard Shevardnadze)在西方和俄罗斯之间游走,推动阿布哈兹陷入经济封锁,并与俄罗斯达成协议,同时寻求加入北约和欧盟。格鲁吉亚玫瑰革命后,局势发生了戏剧性的变化,上台的米哈伊尔·萨卡什维利开始明确地走上与西方融合的道路。与此同时,格鲁吉亚与俄罗斯的关系恶化。格鲁吉亚,一个与俄罗斯冲突的勇敢小国,突然成为爱沙尼亚的盟友和朋友。共同的敌人团结在一起,当萨卡什维利的言论在格鲁吉亚的领土完整问题上站稳脚跟时,阿布哈兹在爱沙尼亚主流媒体上显然被定位为分离主义的俄罗斯傀儡。回顾过去,人们对格鲁吉亚-阿布哈兹战争的看法发生了变化——20世纪90年代的多元化态度被格鲁吉亚的观点所取代。在这方面,俄罗斯人在战争中扮演的角色也发生了变化:20世纪90年代初的和平调解者或后殖民时期“分而治之”原则的实施者现在成了阿布哈兹人的盟友。2008年10月23日格鲁吉亚通过被占领土法后,爱沙尼亚媒体出现了“被占领的格鲁吉亚领土”作为阿布哈兹的绰号。由于俄罗斯对爱沙尼亚媒体来说仍然是一个负面的外部“陌生人”,俄罗斯与格鲁吉亚的关系继续影响我们媒体对阿布哈兹的态度和对格鲁吉亚-阿布哈兹战争的解释。
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Gruusia-Abhaasia sõja (1992–1993) retseptsioon eesti meedias sõja ajal ja järel
In the minds of Estonians Abkhazia is associated mainly with Estonians living there. When the Georgian-Abkhazian war broke out in August 1992, the Estonian state evacuated about 170 Estonians and their families from Abkhazia in the autumn of the same year. The reception of the war itself in the Estonian media was low and related to the situation of Estonians there, but the motives and direct causes of the war and the development of war events were also examined. One Baltic News Service journalist observed the evacuation of Estonians and wrote about the events of the war on the spot, but most of the authors operated in Estonia and used various sources. In today’s context, it may seem surprising to what extent materials from Russian information channels were used, but at that time it was understandable: Russia covered events in its border countries more actively than Western agencies. Materials translated directly from Russian newspapers were also published in the Estonian press. The choice of sources also influenced the framing in which the events of that time were mediated. The coverage of the war in the Estonian media has undergone significant developments over the decades. The articles published during the war presented the events in a neutral way, rather sympathizing with the Abkhazians than the aggressor. While in the first half of the war the fighters of the Confederation of Mountain People of the Caucasus were presented as allies of the Abkhazians, the articles published at the end of the war sometimes included Russians, although the contribution of the Russians was not explained. However, even at the end of the war, the coverage remained largely neutral, conveying the views of both Georgians and Abkhazians. From the middle of 1994, the reception of the war began to change, which was related to Georgia’s international self-assertion. Reports from international organizations increasingly highlighted the issue of Georgian war refugees and Georgia’s claim to territorial integrity. This was also reflected in the Estonian media, where Abkhazians were increasingly called separatists without the right to independence. However, until the end of the 1990s, some articles were published that also provided Abkhaz views on events. Estonia had taken a clear direction towards integration with the West, but there was no clear understanding of Georgia’s orientation, which also influenced the attitudes of Estonian media towards Georgia-Abkhazia relations. Georgia’s leader, Eduard Shevardnadze, maneuvered between the West and Russia, pushing Abkhazia into an economic blockade and concluding agreements with Russia, while seeking integration with NATO and the European Union. The situation changed dramatically after the Rose Revolution in Georgia, when Mikhail Saakashvili, who had come to power, began to move unequivocally on the path of Western integration. At the same time, Georgia’s relations with Russia deteriorated. Georgia, a small brave country in conflict with Russia, suddenly became Estonians’ ally and friend. The common enemy unites, and when Saakashvili’s rhetoric gained a firm foothold in Georgia’s territorial integrity, Abkhazia was clearly positioned in the Estonian mainstream media as a separatist Russian puppet. Retrospectively, the reception of the Georgian-Abkhazian war changed – the pluralistic approach of the 1990s was replaced by the Georgian version. In this connection, the portrayal of the role of the Russians in the war also changed: peace mediators in the early 1990s or postcolonial implementers of the divide et impera principle now became allies of the Abkhaz. After the Law of Occupied Territories was adopted in Georgia on 23 October 2008, the concept “occupied Georgian territory” as an epithet of Abkhazia appeared in the Estonian media. As Russia continues to be in the position of a negative external “stranger” for the Estonian media, Russia’s relations with Georgia continue to influence our media attitudes towards Abkhazia and interpretations of the Georgian-Abkhazian war.
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来源期刊
Maetagused
Maetagused Social Sciences-Cultural Studies
CiteScore
0.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
20
审稿时长
16 weeks
期刊介绍: It is the only journal publishing original research on folkloristics, ethnomusicology, cultural anthropology, and religious studies in Estonian, with summaries in English. The journal has an important role in mediating to the scholarly community of one million Estonian speakers original studies and articles by foreign researchers specially submitted to the journal for translating. The journal also publishes translations of selected prime researches from scientific journals in other languages to elaborate specialised terminology in Estonian. In addition, the journal publishes articles on applied sciences, as well as reviews of books and audio materials, conferences and fieldwork, overviews of research centres in the world, defended theses, etc.
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