Water, sanitation and hygiene challenges of forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals in Rohingya camps in Bangladesh.

Improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in water-scarce areas is one of the most important barriers to improving the standards of people's life, which is even worse in a locality with forcibly displaced people (e.g., nearly 1 million Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh). In attempting to understand the extent of vulnerability and risks of WASH facilities, their impacts, and adaptive practices in the communities, an exploratory study has been carried out in five selected camps (13, 15, 16, 24 and 27) in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Examination of water facilities shows that households in camps 13, 15 and 16 suffered from an adequate supply of water during summer as there is no direct access to surface water from adjacent water reservoirs, while camps 24 and 27 have such facilities. The frequency of water shortage for drinking purposes in camps 13, 15 and 16 was not so severe as in camps 24 and 27. Drinking water collectors had to spend 3-5 h in queues. All latrines were communal/shared latrines, which made users feel uncomfortable and vulnerable. This study implies that WASH facilities need to be reinforced, and community sensitization on WASH behavior needs to be strengthened to reduce WASH-related health hazards.