New frontiers of drug delivery innovation in cataract surgery

drainage which cause the drug to be systemically absorbed across the nasal mucosa or the gastrointestinal tract. A significant systemic loss from topically applied drugs also occurs from conjunctival absorption into the local circulation. Tear turnover, which can also be stimulated by factors such as pH and tonicity of the formulation, remove drug solution from the conjunctival cul-de-sac in a few minutes.