工业毒理学作为职业医学的重要组成部分:回顾、现状与发展前景(文献综述)

Gennady Maksimov
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摘要

介绍。论述了工业毒理学的发展阶段和主要科学流派对工作区域空气中工业物质卫生管理的理论和实践的贡献,确定了近期的主要任务。材料和方法。对国内文献、科学会议材料和苏联医学科学院"职业健康和职业病的科学基础"委员会"工业毒理学"一节25年的经验进行了分析。结果。在20 - 21世纪的边缘,专业研究所的工业毒理学实验室显著减少,导致工作区域空气中化学品的最大允许浓度和指示性极限值的年度证实数量成倍减少,同时保持了对这项工作的巨大需求。技术过程中使用的化学品缺乏卫生条例,降低了对工人工作条件进行特别评估的质量。在此背景下,由于纳米工业的密集发展,已知物质在纳米尺度上获得了新的性质,化学安全策略变得更加重要。缺乏"预防毒理学"医学专业使相关专家的素质培训复杂化。的局限性。这项研究是根据公开出版的国内出版物的材料进行的。结论。工业毒理学实验基地需要大幅扩大,工作区空气中化学品卫生监管体系需要优化,从主动研究转向有计划的分配过程。
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Industrial toxicology as an important part of occupational medicine: retrospective, reality and development prospects (literature review)
Introduction. The stages of development of industrial toxicology and the contribution of the main scientific schools to the theory and practice of hygienic regulation of industrial substances in the air of the working area are considered, the main tasks for the near future are identified. Material and methods. The analysis of domestic literature, materials of scientific conferences and 25 years of experience in the section “Industrial toxicology” of the Commission “Scientific foundations of occupational health and occupational diseases” of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was carried out. Results. On the edge of the XX-XXI centuries, there was a significant reduction in industrial toxicology laboratories in specialized institutes, which led to a multiple decrease in the number of annual substantiation of maximum allowable concentration and indicative limit values for chemicals in the air of the working area, while maintaining a great need for this work. The lack of hygienic regulations for chemicals used in technological processes reduces the quality of a special assessment of the working conditions of workers. Against this background, due to the intensive development of the nanoindustry, in which known substances in the nanoscale acquire new properties, the chemical safety strategy becomes even more relevant. The absence of a medical specialty “preventive toxicology” complicates the quality training of relevant specialists. Limitations. The study was based on the materials of domestic publications in the open press. Conclusion. The experimental base of industrial toxicology needs to be significantly expanded, and the system of hygienic regulation of chemicals in the air of the working area needs to be optimized and transferred from initiative research to a planned distribution process.
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