乌托邦与虚无主义:莱谢克·科拉科夫斯基的哲学课程

I. Bondarevska
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Kolakowskі) that the philosopher comes to the conclusion that the basis of utopia and nihilism are certain ideas about the truth. Through the prism of this theoretical discovery, he reveals the importance of consensus, tolerance, compromise, and non-consistency (inconsistency) as epistemological tools of support or undermining of ideologies. The basic epistemological model the philosopher used has been reproduced by means of theoretical reconstruction. This is the attitude of the subject to the truth, which is realized in two ways: to either master the truth on the basis of certain beliefs or neglect the truth on the basis of other beliefs. With the help of this model, the philosopher comes to understanding that dogmatism and unification are not only utopian diseases but also nihilists. The reason for this is loyalty to one’s own truth, that is, thinking without gaps based on unchanging principles and aimed at reproducing certain institutional and social constants. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文分析了波兰哲学家科拉科夫斯基特(Leszek kolakowskk, 1927-2009)对哲学思维解释的主要方面。他在马克思主义的历史和马克思主义理论进一步发展的前景方面是一位杰出的辩论家,但他关于最广义的哲学思维的性质和功能的思想同样重要,因为这些思想解决了思维自主的痛苦问题。这篇文章的目的是重建这些原则,根据哲学家的说法,这些原则将使思考在观念和意识形态的压力下保持其自主性。在柯拉科夫斯基的诠释中,乌托邦和虚无主义是现代世界的诱惑。正是在寻求防御这些“怪物”(L. kolakowskk)的过程中,哲学家得出了这样的结论:乌托邦和虚无主义的基础是关于真理的某些观念。通过这一理论发现的棱镜,他揭示了共识、宽容、妥协和不一致(不一致)作为支持或破坏意识形态的认识论工具的重要性。哲学家使用的基本认识论模型通过理论重构得以再现。这是主体对真理的态度,它可以通过两种方式实现:要么在某种信仰的基础上掌握真理,要么在其他信仰的基础上忽视真理。在这种模式的帮助下,哲学家认识到教条主义和统一主义不仅是乌托邦病,而且是虚无主义。这样做的原因是忠于自己的真理,也就是说,基于不变的原则,无差别地思考,旨在再现某些制度和社会常数。相反,不一致作为一种原则形成了一个完全不同的环境,其优点是它延伸到自己,使思想家摆脱了一致性或不一致性的需要,但并没有减轻对真理和意义的追求,根据L. kolakowskk的说法,没有真理和意义,人类就不可能存在。重建是在分析多年来的文章和论文的基础上进行的,结合乌托邦和虚无主义作为人类存在的替代项目的概念的发展,植根于主体的认识论方向。文章收到27.02.2018
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Utopia and nihilism: Leszek Kolakowski’s philosophical lessons
The article analyzes the main aspects of the interpretation of philosophical thinking by the Polish philosopher Leszek Kolakowskі (1927–2009). He is more known as a brilliant disputant on the history of Marxism and the prospects for the further development of Marxist theory, but his thoughts on the nature and functions of philosophical thinking in the broadest sense are of no less importance, since they address the painful issue of the autonomy of thinking. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the principles that, according to the philosopher, would allow thinking to maintain its autonomy under the pressure of ideas and ideologies. Utopia and nihilism in the interpretation of L. Kolakowskі appear as temptations of the modern world. It is in the quest for defending from these “monsters” (L. Kolakowskі) that the philosopher comes to the conclusion that the basis of utopia and nihilism are certain ideas about the truth. Through the prism of this theoretical discovery, he reveals the importance of consensus, tolerance, compromise, and non-consistency (inconsistency) as epistemological tools of support or undermining of ideologies. The basic epistemological model the philosopher used has been reproduced by means of theoretical reconstruction. This is the attitude of the subject to the truth, which is realized in two ways: to either master the truth on the basis of certain beliefs or neglect the truth on the basis of other beliefs. With the help of this model, the philosopher comes to understanding that dogmatism and unification are not only utopian diseases but also nihilists. The reason for this is loyalty to one’s own truth, that is, thinking without gaps based on unchanging principles and aimed at reproducing certain institutional and social constants. Instead, inconsistency as a principle forms a completely different setting, the advantage of which is that it extends to itself and frees a thinker from the need to be or not to be consistent, but does not relieve the search of truth and meaning, without which human existence is impossible, according to L. Kolakowskі. The reconstruction was carried out on the basis of analysis of articles and essays of various years, combined with the development of concepts of utopia and nihilism as alternative projects of human existence, rooted in the epistemological directions of the subject. Article received 27.02.2018
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