Stefan Heym, Christa Wolf, Heiner Müller et la chute du mur de Berlin: ces voix loyales de la critique du communisme

EnglishStefan Heym, Christa Wolf and Heiner Muller were influential popular writers in the German Democratic Republic who also presented themselves as critics of the Communist regime. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, they nonetheless remained loyal to the State and opposed those who called for German reunification. This ambiguous discourse demonstrates that these writers never wished to use their criticism to destabilise the State, but rather to improve it, as they ultimately believed in Socialism. In a closed authoritarian State where literature served as a source of alternative information, their critical loyalty allowed them to occupy a legitimate function. After 1989, however, this strategy was no longer adapted for the new reality. francaisStefan Heym, Christa Wolf et Heiner Muller etaient des ecrivains populaires et influents en Republique democratique allemande (RDA), mais se presentaient egalement comme des critiques du pouvoir communiste. Apres la chute du mur de Berlin, ils se montrent neanmoins loyaux envers l’Etat et s’opposent aux citoyens qui reclament la reunification allemande. Ce discours ambigu temoigne de la strategie de prise de parole qu’avaient adoptee ces auteurs : ils exprimaient des critiques non pour destabiliser l’Etat, mais pour l’ameliorer, car ils croyaient au bien-fonde du socialisme. Dans un Etat ferme ou la litterature servait de source d’information alternative, leur loyaute critique leur permettait d’occuper une fonction legitime. Or, apres 1989, cette facon d’agir n’est plus adaptee aux realites.