大鼠中脑三叉神经的形态学和神经化学可塑性

A. Dandov, D. Atanasova, N. Lazarov
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摘要

中脑三叉神经核(Me5)是中枢神经系统(CNS)中一个独特的结构,由伪单极感觉神经元组成。这也是研究神经元可塑性变化的一个合适范例。众所周知,在正常情况下,Me5神经元利用各种神经递质,但关于损伤后核内发生的形态学和化学事件的信息很少。本文简要介绍了咬肌神经外周轴切开术后Me5神经元的结构适应性变化。进一步验证了NADPH-diaphorase的活性,并利用谷氨酸(Glu)、P物质(SP)、降钙素基因相关蛋白(CGRP)、神经肽酪氨酸(NPY)和甘丙氨酸(GAL)的免疫组化,研究了损伤神经元的神经化学表型改变。我们的研究结果清楚地表明,大鼠Me5神经元对外周损伤非常敏感,我们证明了其独特的结构和神经化学可塑性。与对侧完整侧神经元的数量和表型相比,自适应形态学改变包括定性和定量的改变。另外,在正常情况下,典型的神经递质下调,一氧化氮合酶的上调以及NPY、SP、GAL、VIP等神经活性物质的重新合成,最能体现axtomy诱导的Me5神经化学特性的改变。由此可以推断,上述现象仅在受到损伤和环境信号改变的情况下才会发生在细胞核内,是Me5神经元存活的适应性机制和强大的营养因子。毫无疑问,要弄清中枢神经系统在健康和疾病中发生的动态和可塑性变化,并解释它们在疼痛、感知、学习、认知和记忆等重要功能中的作用,还有很长的路要走。
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Morphological and neurochemical plasticity of rat mesencephalic trigeminal neurons
The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) is a unique structure in the central nervous system (CNS), made up of pseudounipolar sensory neurons. It is also a suitable paradigm for studying the plastic alterations in neurons. It is known that the Me5 neurons utilize various neurotransmitters under normal conditions, though little information is available about the morphological and chemical events taking place in the nucleus after injury. This review provides concise description of the structural adaptive changes in Me5 neurons following peripheral axotomy of the masseteric nerve. Furthermore, it validates NADPH-diaphorase activity in them, and using immunohistochemistry for glutamate (Glu), substance P (SP), calcitonin-gene related protein (CGRP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and galanin (GAL), it deals with the altered neurochemical phenotype of the injured neurons. Our results distinctly show that the Me5 neurons in the rat are extremely sensitive to peripheral injury and we demonstrate their distinct structural and neurochemical plasticity. The adaptive morphological alterations comprise of both qualitative and quantitative alterations in the axotomized Me5 population which are statistically significant when compared with the number and phenotype of the neurons on the contralateral intact side. Besides, the axotomy-induced alterations in the neurochemical character of Me5 are best signified by the down-regulation of the classical neurotransmitters under normal conditions, and the up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase and de novo synthesis of certain neuroactive substances such as NPY, SP, GAL and VIP. It can be inferred that the described phenomena only occur in the nucleus in cases of injury and changes in the environmental cues, and serve as adaptive mechanisms and powerful trophic factors for the neuronal survival in the Me5. There is, undoubtedly, still a long way to go in order to clarify the dynamic and plastic alterations occurring in the CNS in health and disease, and also explain their role in such important functions as pain, perception, learning, cognition and memory.
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