Phytosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles in diverse applications: What is the exact mechanism of action?

Production of compatible nanoparticles (NPs) for biomedical applications is a crucial requirement of today’s research advancements. Furthermore, using environmentally acceptable technologies to create biocompatible and less toxic NPs is a significant win. Medical implants, photodynamic treatment, medicinal delivery, bio-sensing, and antimicrobial agents have all been thoroughly investigated using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs. In this study, extracts of Leechai kottai keerai (Pisonia grandis) were employed for the first time in the phytosynthesis of TiO₂ NPs. XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FT-IR, FE-SEM, with EDAX analyses were used to characterize the NPs, which are confirmed their formation, shape, crystallinity, and size. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized TiO₂ NPs against microbial pathogens was investigated by well diffusion method. MTT and NRU assays were used to examine the cytotoxicity. Methylene blue dye was explored for its photocatalytic properties. The phytosynthesized TiO₂ NPs with an average size of 34 ​nm displayed exceptional antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as demonstrated by MTT and NUR assessments of SaOS-2 ​cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 80.6 and 38.4 ​g/mL, accordingly. Overall results shows that the synthesized TiO₂ NPs degrading efficiency, cell viability, and zone inhibition layer show that they have been a promising choice for environmental and biological applications.