Subsurface fluid injection and energy storage

In the current global environmental problems, reducing CO2 emissions is an important goal and guide for countries all over the world in developing environmental and economic policies. It has become a global consensus to jointly promote greenhouse gas emission reduction. From 1970 to 2004, CO2 emissions increased yearly, accounting for 76% of the total emissions in 2004. According to the prediction of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the total global CO2 emission reached a record of 30 billion tons in 2010. In 2005, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) specially recommended Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to achieve significant emission reduction of greenhouse gases. In 2007, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) identified CCS as one of the six ways to deal with global climate change. The global climate conference in Cancun in 2010 incorporated CCS into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The United States, Canada, the European Union, and other countries have taken CCS as an important part of future energy strategies and carbon emission reduction strategies and have formulated corresponding technology research plans that include Research and Development (R&D) and project demonstration. The NET-Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario proposed by the IEA for 2050 puts global CO2 capture at 1.7 gigatonnes per year in 2030 and 7.6 gigatonnes per year in 2050. Presently, CCS is a hot topic all around the world. According to the statistical analysis of the articles published in Oil & Gas Science and Technology Revue d’IFP Energies Nouvelles in the last 5 years (2014–2019), there are a total of 64 articles related to the CCS research field. In the resulting list, the most cited popular papers are related to policy issues, migration front capture, and analysis of geochemical reaction. To be more specific, the three most cited articles are: 1. A review on CO2 hydrogenation to methanol [1]. 2. An experimental study for choosing suitable carbon storage sites based on the connectivity and the porestructure separation [2]. 3. A strategy for monitoring whether CO2 is safely sequestered [3].