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Analysis of well testing results for single phase flow in reservoirs with percolation structure 含渗流结构油藏单相流试井结果分析
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020092
Elahe Shahrian, M. Masihi
Constructing an accurate geological model of the reservoir is a preliminary to make any reliable prediction of a reservoir’s performance. Afterward, one needs to simulate the flow to predict the reservoir’s dynamic behaviour. This process usually is associated with high computational costs. Therefore, alternative methods such as the percolation approach for rapid estimation of reservoir efficiency are quite desirable. This study tries to address the Well Testing (WT) interpretation of heterogeneous reservoirs, constructed from two extreme permeabilities, 0 and K. In particular, we simulated a drawdown test on typical site percolation mediums, occupied to fraction “p” at a constant rate Q/h, to compute the well-known pressure derivative (dP/dlnt). This derivative provides us with “apparent” permeability values, a significant property to move forward with flow prediction. It is good to mention that the hypothetical wellbore locates in the middle of the reservoir with assumed conditions. Commercial software utilized to perform flow simulations and well test analysis. Next, the pressure recorded against time at different realizations and values of p. With that information provided, the permeability of the medium is obtained. Finally, the permeability change of this reservoir is compared to the permeability alteration of a homogeneous one and following that, its dependency on the model parameters has been analysed. The result shows a power-law relation between average permeability (considering all realizations) and the occupancy probability “p”. This conclusion helps to improve the analysis of well testing for heterogeneous reservoirs with percolation structures.
建立准确的储层地质模型是对储层动态进行可靠预测的基础。然后,需要模拟水流来预测水库的动态行为。这个过程通常伴随着较高的计算成本。因此,替代方法,如渗透法,以快速估计储层效率是非常可取的。本研究试图解决非均质储层的试井(WT)解释,由两个极端渗透率(0和k)构建,特别是,我们模拟了典型现场渗透介质的压降测试,以恒定速率Q/h占到“p”分数,以计算众所周知的压力导数(dP/dlnt)。该导数为我们提供了“表观”渗透率值,这是进行流量预测的重要性质。值得一提的是,假设的井眼位于油藏的中部,具有假设的条件。商业软件用于流体模拟和试井分析。然后,记录在不同实现和p值下的压力随时间的变化。有了这些信息,就得到了介质的渗透率。最后,将该储层渗透率变化与均质储层渗透率变化进行了对比,分析了渗透率变化对模型参数的依赖关系。结果显示平均渗透率(考虑所有实现)与占用概率p之间呈幂律关系。这一结论有助于改进具有渗流结构的非均质储层试井分析。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary analyses of synthetic carbonate plugs: consolidation, petrophysical and wettability properties 合成碳酸盐桥塞的初步分析:固结、岩石物性和润湿性
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-09 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020087
Jhonatan Jair Arismendi Florez, J. V. Ferrari
Synthetic plugs are available to understand oilfield properties and the behavior of oil in reservoirs where natural plugs cannot be extracted. Specifically, in cases where it is necessary to reproduce representative mineralogical and petrophysical characteristics from carbonate reservoirs, it is evident that there is a lack of publications focusing on synthetic plug construction. In this work, a methodology to construct synthetic carbonate plugs is proposed using disintegrated carbonate rock with controlled particle size, mixed in different weight fraction, uniaxial compaction with controlled load force velocity, pH, temperature, and bonding materials. Preliminary analysis of consolidation (basic consolidation and consolidation by water immersion test), wettability (contact angle measurements) and petrophysical properties (nitrogen expansion porosimetry measurements and theoretical porosity calculation) are reported in this study to determine which composition of the synthetic samples provides similar properties compared to that expected for natural rocks from carbonate reservoirs. Two compositions are recommended to construct synthetic samples: Composition 1 with a total quantity of 100 g of base material (50% w/w of <20 μm, 50% w/w of 20–74 μm) + 5% w/w of amide wax (relative to 100 g of base material) + 6% w/w (relative to 100 g of base material) of pH 3 hydrochloric acid solution; and Composition 2 with a total quantity of 100 g of base material (50% w/w of 150–300 μm, 50% w/w of 300–600 μm) + 5% w/w (relative to 100 g of base material) of amide wax + 6% w/w (relative to 100 g of base material) of pH 3 hydrochloric acid solution. In addition to the compositions, it is necessary to follow the reported procedure based on the uniaxial compaction with controlled load force (200 kN) and velocity (25 mm/min) and the sample’s drying temperature of 100 °C for 1 h aiming to obtain similar samples. These preliminary results will guide further dedicated petrophysical and wettability analysis to deeply understanding these sample’s properties and enhance the construction of synthetic samples more similar to the natural rocks from carbonate reservoirs.
在天然桥塞无法提取的情况下,人工桥塞可以用来了解油田的性质和油藏中的石油行为。具体来说,在需要从碳酸盐岩储层中重现具有代表性的矿物学和岩石物理特征的情况下,很明显缺乏关于合成桥塞构造的出版物。在这项工作中,提出了一种构建合成碳酸盐桥塞的方法,使用破碎的碳酸盐岩石,控制粒径,混合在不同的重量分数中,单轴压实,控制载荷力速度,pH,温度和粘合材料。本研究报告了对固结性(基本固结和浸水固结试验)、润湿性(接触角测量)和岩石物理性质(氮膨胀孔隙度测量和理论孔隙度计算)的初步分析,以确定与碳酸盐岩储层天然岩石相比,合成样品的哪种成分具有相似的性质。构建合成样品推荐两种组合物:组合物1,总用量为100g基础材料(50% w/w <20 μm, 50% w/w 20 - 74 μ w) + 5% w/w的酰胺蜡(相对于100g基础材料)+ 6% w/w的pH 3盐酸溶液(相对于100g基础材料);组成2,总用量为100g基材(150 ~ 300 μm的50% w/w, 300 ~ 600 μm的50% w/w) + 5%酰胺蜡w/w(相对于100g基材)+ 6% pH为3的盐酸溶液w/w(相对于100g基材)。除成分外,还需要按照报告的程序进行单轴压实,控制载荷力(200 kN)和速度(25 mm/min),样品干燥温度为100℃,干燥1 h,以获得类似的样品。这些初步结果将指导进一步专门的岩石物理和润湿性分析,以深入了解这些样品的性质,并加强合成样品的构建,使其更接近碳酸盐岩储层的天然岩石。
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引用次数: 3
Identification of reservoir fractures on FMI image logs using Canny and Sobel edge detection algorithms 利用Canny和Sobel边缘检测算法在FMI图像测井上识别储层裂缝
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-02 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020086
Mina Shafiabadi, A. Kamkar-Rouhani, Seyed Reza Ghavami Riabi, A. R. Kahoo, B. Tokhmechi
Because of the significant impact of fractures on production in hydrocarbon reservoirs, identification of these phenomena is a very important issue. Image logs are one of the best tools for revealing and studying fractures in reservoir and researcher can get lots of information about geological features in wells, by studying and analyzing these logs. In this research, two approaches have been used to determine the fractures in two wells A and B located in one of the oil fields in southwest of Iran. In the first approach, using Geolog software (version-7), after processing and correction of raw image log data, the number, position, dip, extension, layering, density and expansion of fractures have been identified. In the second approach, considering that the fractures in FMI images have edges, the Canny and Sobel filters as edge detection operators in image processing have been used to detect fractures in these images.
由于裂缝对油气生产的影响很大,因此裂缝现象的识别是一个非常重要的问题。图像测井是揭示和研究储层裂缝的最佳工具之一,通过对图像测井的研究和分析,可以获得大量的井内地质特征信息。在这项研究中,采用了两种方法来确定位于伊朗西南部一个油田的A和B两口井的裂缝。第一种方法是利用地质软件(version-7),对原始影像测井资料进行处理和校正,识别裂缝的数量、位置、倾角、延伸、分层、密度和扩张;在第二种方法中,考虑到FMI图像中的裂缝具有边缘,在图像处理中使用Canny和Sobel滤波器作为边缘检测算子来检测这些图像中的裂缝。
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引用次数: 16
Digital twin based reference architecture for petrochemical monitoring and fault diagnosis 基于数字孪生的石油化工监测与故障诊断参考体系结构
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-02-02 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020095
Shaolin Hu, Shihua Wang, Naiquan Su, Xiwu Li, Qinghua Zhang
The whole process of the petrochemical industry involves flammable and explosive dangerous goods. The timely discovery of abnormalities or failures in the petrochemical process is crucial to ensure production safety. This paper sets up the approach to build the Digital Twin System (DTs) of a petrochemical process. Specifically, we decompose the petrochemical process into five levels one by one and build a digital twin plug-in for each component of the component layers, and then inversely decouple the process to assemble the DTs layer by layer. As a specific experimental example, the characteristic DTs is proposed to build modules of temperature field and pressure field and flow field, these DT modules are driven by practical industrial sampling data from cracking furnace, and three characteristic DTS modules stated above are integrated to form DTS. Based on the digital twin technology and DTs, we propose the logical structure of chemical process status monitoring and fault diagnosis in detail, which improves the safety and controllability of the petrochemical process.
石油化工行业的全过程涉及易燃易爆危险物品。及时发现石化生产过程中的异常或故障,对保证生产安全至关重要。本文提出了构建石化过程数字孪生系统的方法。具体而言,我们将石化过程逐层分解为五个层次,并为每个层次的组件构建数字孪生插件,然后将过程反向解耦,逐层组装dt。作为具体的实验实例,提出了构建温度场、压力场和流场的特征DTs模块,这些特征DTs模块由裂解炉的实际工业采样数据驱动,并将上述三个特征DTs模块集成为DTs。基于数字孪生技术和DTs,详细提出了化工过程状态监测和故障诊断的逻辑结构,提高了石化过程的安全性和可控性。
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引用次数: 5
Ensemble-based method with combined fractional flow model for waterflooding optimization 基于组合分流模型的综合注水优化方法
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-25 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020090
Dilayne Santos Oliveira, B. Horowitz, J. R. Rojas Tueros
Proxy models are widely used to estimate parameters such as interwell connectivity in the development and management of petroleum fields due to their low computational cost and not require prior knowledge of reservoir properties. In this work, we propose a proxy model to determine both oil and water production to maximize reservoir profitability. The approach uses production history and the Capacitance and Resistance Model based on Producer wells (CRMP), together with the combination of two fractional flow models, Koval [Cao (2014) Development of a Two-phase Flow Coupled Capacitance Resistance Model. PhD Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, USA] and Gentil [(2005) The use of Multilinear Regression Models in patterned waterfloods: physical meaning of the regression coefficient. Master’s Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, USA]. The proposed combined fractional flow model is called Kogen. The combined fractional flow model can be formulated as a constrained nonlinear function fitting. The objective function to be minimized is a measure of the difference between calculated and observed Water cut (Wcut) values or Net Present Values (NPV). The constraint limits the difference in water cuts of the Koval and Gentil models at the time of transition between the two. The problem can be solved using the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm. The parameters of the CRMP model are the connectivity between wells, time constant and productivity index. These parameters can be found using a Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) algorithm. With these parameters, it is possible to predict the liquid rate of the wells. The Koval and Gentil models are used to calculate the Wcut in each producer well over the concession period which in turn allows to determine the accumulated oil and water productions. To verify the quality of Kogen model to forecast oil and water productions, we formulated an optimization problem to maximize the reservoir profitability where the objective function is the NPV. The design variables are the injector and producer well controls (liquid rate or bottom hole pressure). In this work the optimization problem is solved using a gradient-based method, SQP. Gradients are approximated using an ensemble-based method. To validate the proposed workflow, we used two realistic reservoirs models, Brush Canyon Outcrop and Brugge field. The results are shown into three stages. In the first stage, we analyze the ensemble size for the gradient computation. Second, we compare the solutions obtained with the three fractional flow models (Koval, Gentil and Kogen) with results achieved directly from the simulator. Third, we use the solutions calculated with the proxy models as starting points for a new high-fidelity optimization process, using exclusively the simulator to calculate the functions involved. This study shows that the proposed combined model, Kogen, consistently generated more accurate results. Also, CRMP/Kogen proxy model has d
由于代理模型计算成本低,且不需要事先了解油藏性质,因此被广泛用于油田开发和管理中估计井间连通性等参数。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个代理模型来确定油和水的产量,以最大限度地提高油藏的盈利能力。该方法使用生产历史和基于生产井的电容和电阻模型(CRMP),以及两种分流模型的结合,Koval [Cao(2014)开发了两相流耦合电容电阻模型。dr . Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, USA] and Gentil [(2005) Multilinear Regression Models在模式水驱中的应用:回归系数的物理意义。硕士论文,德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校,美国]。提出的组合分流模型被称为Kogen。组合式分流模型可表述为约束非线性函数拟合。要最小化的目标函数是测量计算和观测到的含水率(Wcut)值或净现值(NPV)之间的差异。这一约束限制了Koval模型和Gentil模型在两者过渡时含水率的差异。该问题可以用序列二次规划(SQP)算法求解。CRMP模型的参数为井间连通性、时间常数和产能指数。这些参数可以使用非线性最小二乘(NLS)算法找到。有了这些参数,就可以预测井的产液率。Koval和Gentil模型用于计算特许期内每口生产井的Wcut,从而可以确定累积的油水产量。为了验证Kogen模型预测油水产量的质量,提出了以NPV为目标函数的油藏盈利能力最大化优化问题。设计变量是注入井和生产井控制(液量或井底压力)。在本工作中,采用基于梯度的方法SQP来解决优化问题。梯度近似使用基于集成的方法。为了验证提出的工作流程,我们使用了两个真实的油藏模型,即Brush Canyon露头和Brugge油田。研究结果分为三个阶段。在第一阶段,我们分析了梯度计算的集合大小。其次,我们将三种分数阶流动模型(Koval, Gentil和Kogen)的解与直接从模拟器获得的结果进行了比较。第三,我们使用代理模型计算的解决方案作为新的高保真优化过程的起点,专门使用模拟器计算所涉及的函数。本研究表明,所提出的组合模型Kogen始终产生更准确的结果。此外,CRMP/Kogen代理模型也证明了它的适用性,特别是在模型构建可用数据有限的情况下,总能以较低的计算成本获得令人满意的生产预测结果。此外,它为高保真优化过程产生了良好的热启动,将模拟次数减少了约65%。
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引用次数: 4
An experimental study of liquid unloading in the curve section of horizontal gas wells 水平井曲线段卸液试验研究
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-13 DOI: 10.17632/X85BYRFWNV.1
Shuzhe Shi
Liquid unloading is a very common and important issue in horizontal gas wells, and the presence of curve sections increases the complexity of the phenomenon and its study. Liquid loading in a gas well will sharply reduce production, therefore, the liquid-unloading onset of different curved pipes is essential to gas production. In this work, liquid-unloading onset experiments were conducted in curved pipes with different curvatures. Then, the critical gas velocity VsgCR can be determined according to the measured pressure gradients, liquid holdup, and liquid film reversal. This work analyzes the factors which will lead to the liquid unloading and explores the trend of the pipe curvature’s influence on the liquid unloading under laboratory conditions. The experimental results show that the critical gas velocity rises with the increase of pipe curvature, the increase is mainly due to the centrifugal force. The present work also compares the predicted results of the OLGA model and Beggs–Brill model with experimental data. The comparison results indicate that both models fit relatively well to the experimental data at the low superficial gas velocity, and both models have poor performance at high superficial gas velocity. The OLGA model fits the experimental data better than the Beggs–Brill model at high superficial gas velocity. The error analysis shows that most of the predicted data is not in good agreement with experimental data. Some errors between experimental data and calculation results are out of the range of 50%.
卸液是水平气井中非常常见和重要的问题,而曲线段的存在增加了卸液现象及其研究的复杂性。在气井中充液会导致产量急剧下降,因此,不同弯管的卸液开始时间对气井的产量至关重要。本文在不同曲率的弯曲管道中进行了起卸液实验。然后,根据测得的压力梯度、液含率和液膜反转,确定临界气速VsgCR。分析了导致液体卸载的因素,探讨了实验室条件下管道曲率对液体卸载的影响趋势。实验结果表明,临界气体速度随管道曲率的增大而增大,其增加主要是由于离心力的作用。本文还将OLGA模型和Beggs-Brill模型的预测结果与实验数据进行了比较。对比结果表明,两种模型在低表面气速条件下与实验数据拟合较好,而在高表面气速条件下,两种模型的拟合效果较差。在高表面气速下,OLGA模型比begs - brill模型更符合实验数据。误差分析表明,大部分预测数据与实验数据不太吻合。实验数据与计算结果之间存在50%以上的误差。
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引用次数: 0
Biodiesel and green diesel generation: an overview 生物柴油和绿色柴油发电:概述
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-11 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2020088
P. Vignesh, Arockiyasamy Remigious Pradeep Kumar, N. Ganesh, V. Jayaseelan, Kumarasamy Sudhakar
First, second, third, and fourth-generation biofuels are continuously evolving as a promising substitute to petrodiesel catalyzed by energy depletion, economic and environmental considerations. Bio-diesel can be synthesized from various biomass sources, which are commonly divided into FAME and renewable biodiesel. FAME biodiesel is generally produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils and fats while renewable diesel is produced by hydro-deoxygenation of vegetable and waste oils and fats. The different generation, processing technologies and standards for FAME and renewable biodiesel are reviewed. Finally, the life cycle analysis and production cost of conventional and renewable biodiesel are described.
第一代、第二代、第三代和第四代生物燃料在能源枯竭、经济和环境考虑的催化下,作为石油柴油的有希望的替代品不断发展。生物柴油可以由各种生物质来源合成,通常分为FAME和可再生生物柴油。FAME生物柴油一般是通过植物油和脂肪的酯交换反应生产的,而可再生柴油则是通过植物和废油脂的加氢脱氧生产的。综述了FAME和可再生生物柴油的不同生成、加工技术和标准。最后,介绍了常规生物柴油和再生生物柴油的生命周期分析和生产成本。
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引用次数: 27
Numerical modeling of molecular diffusion and convection effects during gas injection into naturally fractured oil reservoirs 天然裂缝性油藏注气过程中分子扩散和对流效应的数值模拟
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2516/ogst/2021065
Hossein Gholamian, M. Ehsani, M. Nikookar, A. Mohammadi
Gas injection into a naturally fractured oil reservoir keeps the reservoir pressure and increments the initial recovery from the reservoir. The main aim of this work was to develop a numerical model to calculate the mass transfer (molecular diffusion and convection) between a gas injected in the fracture and residual fluid (gas and oil) in a matrix block. The dual continuum model is applied to describe flow behaviour and fluid recovery in porous media. Finally, the model is validated by comparing the outcomes with the results of two experimental works available in the literature. The mathematical model results are in agreement with the laboratory data including recovery of each component, saturation profile, and the pressure gradient between matrix and fracture. Modeling results show that after 25 days of N2 injection, the lighter and heavier components (C1 and C5) are recovered about 51% and 39%, respectively. These amounts for CO2 injection are 49% and 27%. It is found that the convection mechanism has a great effect on preventing the pressure drop of the reservoir during injection operations. In the nitrogen injection, without considering the convection, after 30 days, the matrix pressure reaches 1320 Psi from 1479 Psi but after 30 days, considering the convection, the pressure reaches 1473 Psi from 1479 Psi.
对天然裂缝油藏进行注气可以保持油藏压力,提高油藏的初始采收率。这项工作的主要目的是建立一个数值模型来计算注入裂缝中的气体与基质块中的残余流体(气和油)之间的传质(分子扩散和对流)。采用双连续介质模型来描述多孔介质的流动特性和流体采收率。最后,通过与文献中已有的两项实验结果进行比较,对模型进行了验证。数学模型的结果与实验室数据吻合,包括各组分的采收率、饱和度曲线以及基质与裂缝之间的压力梯度。模拟结果表明,N2注入25天后,较轻组分(C1)和较重组分(C5)的回收率分别约为51%和39%。二氧化碳注入量分别为49%和27%。研究发现,对流机制对防止注油过程中储层压降有很大的作用。注氮时,不考虑对流,30天后,基质压力从1479 Psi达到1320 Psi, 30天后,考虑对流,压力从1479 Psi达到1473 Psi。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and effect of the use of safflower methyl ester and diesel blends in the compression ignition engine 红花甲酯与柴油混合燃料在压燃式发动机中的使用特性及效果
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2516/OGST/2021011
Balaji Venkatesan, Kaliappan Seeniappan, Ezhumalai Shanmugam, Socrates Subramanian, Jayaseelan Veerasundaram
Energy is vital to the profitable growth of every nation and to stimulate new research. Only natural resources can meet the growing energy demand in recent years, biodiesel has become very interested in the energy as well as environmental advantages that it can be combined with mineral diesel fuel in any quantity. The research focuses on the study of the replacement of diesel with a safflower methyl ester. The engine tests shall be performed using the safflower methyl ester as fuel in the DI diesel engine. The combustion, emission and performance characteristics were studied using alternative fuels and mixtures. SAfflower Methyl Ester 80% (SAME80) and SAME100 have high heat release rates. Nitrogen oxides were higher by about 50%, carbon monoxide decreased by 10%, unburnt hydrocarbon was slightly higher and the thermal efficiency was higher for the SAME than for diesel fuel.
能源对每个国家的盈利性增长和刺激新的研究都是至关重要的。只有自然资源才能满足日益增长的能源需求,近年来,生物柴油在能源和环境方面的优势引起了人们的极大兴趣,生物柴油可以与矿物柴油任意数量的结合。重点研究了红花甲酯替代柴油的工艺。发动机试验应在直喷式柴油机中使用红花甲酯作为燃料进行。采用替代燃料和混合燃料研究了其燃烧、排放和性能特性。红花甲酯80% (SAME80)和SAME100具有较高的放热率。与柴油相比,SAME燃料的氮氧化物含量提高了约50%,一氧化碳含量降低了10%,未燃烃含量略高,热效率也有所提高。
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引用次数: 8
Characterizing flow in the first hundred-meter depth of a fractured aquifer using hybrid seismic methods, acoustic logging, and flow-log measurements 利用混合地震方法、声波测井和流量测井测量来描述裂缝含水层前100米深度的流动特征
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2516/ogst/2021048
J. Mari, F. Delay, G. Porel, P. Gaudiani
Understanding subsurface flow, especially in fractured rocks only housing water through a few preferential pathways, is still challenging. The point is mainly associated with the poor accessibility of the subsurface and the lack of accurate representations for both heterogeneity and spatial distribution of water bearing bodies. This notwithstanding, highly-resolved geophysical investigations bring new images of the subsurface. This is exemplified over a fractured limestone aquifer at the site scale (for example, that of the radius of influence of an extraction well). On an experimental site, situated in the Cher region (France), two boreholes have been drilled for field experiments. Full Waveform Acoustic Logging (FWAL) and seismic experiments were conducted. Hybrid seismic imaging, which consists in combining refraction and reflection seismic results, has been carried out. Based on a four-step procedure, the processing of refracted and reflected waves provided two sections. After assemblage, these sections produced in a first step an extended time reflectivity section starting from the surface and, in a second step, a section over depth after calibration with Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and acoustic data. However, even the Very High Resolution (VHR) seismic methods do not have a sufficient vertical resolution to describe accurately the geological formation. The acoustic sections were processed to separate the different wave fields, to extract the criss-cross events and to build a criss-cross index log. A log of fracturation index, based on both criss-cross index and P-wave velocity measurements, was computed to detect the presence of fractures. After calibration, and under the assumption that the slower the P-wave velocity, the higher the permeability – porosity, a 3D seismic block of reflection can inform on preferential areas where flow should occur. At the scale of an open wellbore, acoustic loggings that measure wave velocities over a short distance within the well also inform on open features crosscut by the well. Finally, flow log measurements confirm the occurrence of flowing horizons that were previously marked by both seismic and acoustic data. Seismic and acoustic data are therefore suited to image contrasted hydraulic properties over fractured subsurface systems usually poorly documented.
了解地下流动,特别是在只有少数优先通道的裂缝岩石中,仍然具有挑战性。这主要与地下可达性差、含水体的非均质性和空间分布缺乏准确表征有关。尽管如此,高分辨率的地球物理调查带来了地下的新图像。这是在现场尺度上(例如,抽取井的影响半径)的断裂石灰岩含水层的例子。在谢尔地区(法国)的一个实验场地,钻了两个钻孔进行现场实验。进行了全波形声波测井(FWAL)和地震实验。混合地震成像是将折射和反射地震结果结合起来进行的。基于四步程序,折射波和反射波的处理分为两部分。在组合后,这些剖面在第一步中从地面开始进行长时间反射率剖面,在第二步中,在垂直地震剖面(VSP)和声学数据校准后进行深度剖面。然而,即使是非常高分辨率(VHR)地震方法也没有足够的垂直分辨率来准确描述地质构造。对声波剖面进行处理,分离不同的波场,提取交叉事件,建立交叉指数测井曲线。基于纵横指数和纵波速度测量,计算裂缝指数的对数,以检测裂缝的存在。校正后,在假设纵波速度越慢,渗透率-孔隙度越高的情况下,三维反射地震块可以告知应该发生流动的优先区域。在裸眼井中,声波测井可以测量井内短距离内的波速,同时也可以显示井的裸眼特征。最后,流量测井测量证实了流动层的存在,这些流动层以前是由地震和声波数据标记的。因此,地震和声学数据适用于裂缝地下系统的水力特性对比图像,通常文献很少。
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引用次数: 3
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Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles
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