Fundamental signaling pathways for glioblastoma drug resistance and developing robust organoid models for drug discovery

This article presents a review of the current literature on the molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in glioblastoma. As mounting research continues to explore novel methods of treating glioblastoma, from using organoid models for drug screening to developing novel cellular therapies, it is critical to understand the fundamental molecular landscape that makes glioblastoma difficult to treat. This review explores the means of chemoresistance to the conventional chemotherapy temozolomide. Consideration of DNA repair pathways, p53-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, convergent proliferation pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms demonstrate avenues for the development of sophisticated drug targets and combination treatments. Ultimately, this article highlights each of these mechanisms and presents referential material for future endeavors in organoid-based drug screening.