Kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone as activators of toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius

ABSTRACT Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by filamentous fungi species belonging to the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The contamination of grapes by ochratoxigenic species occurs worldwide in regions of tropical and temperate climates. Better control of fungal growth is achieved through good cultural practice and proper selection of fungicides. Kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone are the most common fungicides used in vineyards. This study aimed at analysing the OTA production and toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius under fungicide treatment with famoxadone and kresoxim-methyl. The growth rate of A. carbonarius was evaluated by measuring the glucosamine content and the diameter of the fungal colonies. OTA production was quantified by HPLC analysis. The treatment with fungicides, kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone, significantly reduced the fungal growth, by 76% and 60%, respectively. However, the mycotoxin production was greater in the fungicide-treated groups than the control group, showing that even though the fungicides were effective in controlling fungal growth, they were ineffective against mycotoxin production. Graphical Abstract