注意和知识如何调节记忆:认知冲突对后续记忆的不同影响——十年研究综述

Michèle C. Muhmenthaler, M. Dubravac, B. Meier
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摘要

为了应对认知冲突,需要注意和知识。在某些情况下,认知冲突可以增强后续记忆,而在其他情况下,它们会减弱后续记忆。本研究的目的是对近十年来在研究中操纵Stroop或flanker冲突、任务切换、知觉不流畅或语义不一致的研究进行述评。我们提出了一个考虑注意机制和知识结构的综合框架。注意机制可以指冲突解决,这需要解释Stroop和Flanker范式中对不一致刺激的记忆益处。注意机制也可以指注意分配,这是解释任务转换范式中目标的记忆成本和任务无关干扰物的记忆收益所必需的。此外,注意分配策略也可以解释知觉不流畅操作结果的不一致。需要先验知识来解释语义一致性和不一致性的影响:预期的信息或与先验知识一致的信息被更好地记住,即通过预先存在的图式。此外,意想不到的或与先前知识不一致的信息会吸引注意力并更好地被记住。因此,先验知识对记忆性能的影响呈u形函数。根据这一框架对研究结果进行整合,并提出未来的研究方向。
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How attention and knowledge modulate memory: The differential impact of cognitive conflicts on subsequent memory—A review of a decade of research
In order to cope with cognitive conflicts, attention and knowledge are required. In some conditions, cognitive conflicts can boost subsequent memory and in other conditions, they can attenuate subsequent memory. The goal of the present study is to provide a narrative review of studies from the last decade in which Stroop or flanker conflicts, task switching, perceptual disfluency or semantic incongruence were manipulated at study. We propose an integrative framework considering attentional mechanisms and knowledge structures. Attentional mechanisms can refer to conflict resolution, which is required to explain the memory benefit for incongruent stimuli in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Attentional mechanisms can also refer to attention allocation, which is required to explain the memory cost for targets and the memory benefit for task-irrelevant distractors in task-switching paradigms. Moreover, attention allocation policies can also account for the inconsistent results for perceptual disfluency manipulations. Prior knowledge is required to explain effects of semantic congruency and incongruency: Information that is expected, or congruent with prior knowledge, is better remembered, namely by pre-existing schemata. Moreover, information that is unexpected or incongruent with prior knowledge attracts attention and is better remembered. The impact of prior knowledge on memory performance thus results in a U-shape function. We integrate the findings according to this framework and suggest directions for future research.
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