Physiological responses and adjustments of corals to strong seasonal temperature variations (20-28°C).

Temperature is a key driver of metabolic rates. So far, we know little about potential physiological adjustments of subtropical corals to seasonal temperature changes (>8°) that substantially exceed temperature fluctuation experienced by their counterparts in the tropics. This study investigated the effect of temperature reductions on Montastrea cavernosa and Porites astreoides in Bermuda (32°N; SST: ∼19-29°C) over 5 weeks applying the following treatments: (i) constant control temperature at 28°C, and (ii) temperature reduction (0.5 °C/day) followed by constant temperature (20 days; acclimatization period) at 24 °C and (iii) at 20 °C. Both species decreased photosynthesis and respiration during temperature reduction as expected, which continued to decrease during the acclimatization period, indicating adjustment to a low energy turnover rather than thermal compensation. Trajectories of physiological adjustments and level of thermal compensation, however, differed between species: M. cavernosa zooxanthellae metrics showed a strong initial response to temperature reduction, followed by a return to close to control values during the acclimatization period, reflecting a high physiological flexibility and low thermal compensation. P. astreoides zooxanthellae, in contrast, showed no initial response, but an increase in pigment concentration zooxanthellae-1 and similar photosynthesis rates at 24° and 20°C at the end of the experiment, indicating low acute thermal sensitivity and the ability for thermal compensation at the lowest temperature. Respiration decreased more strongly than photosynthesis leading to significant build-up of biomass in both species (energy reserves). Results are important in the light of potential poleward migration of corals and of potential latitudinal and species-specific differences in coral thermal tolerance.