Integrating Equity Considerations into Agent-Based Modeling: A Conceptual Framework and Practical Guidance

: Advancing equity is a complex challenge for society, science, and policy. Agent-based models are increasingly used as scientific tools to advance understanding of systems, inform decision-making, and share knowledge. Yet, equity has not received due attention within the agent-based modeling (ABM) literature. In this paper, wedevelopaconceptualframeworkandprovideguidanceforintegratingequityconsiderationsintoABM researchandmodelingpractice. TheframeworkconceptualizesABMasinterfacingwithequityoutcomesattwo levels(thescience-societyinterfaceandwithinthemodelitself)andthemodelerasa filter and lens thatprojects knowledge between the target system and the model. Within the framework, we outline three complementary, equity-advancing action pathways: (1) engage stakeholders, (2) acknowledge positionality and bias, and (3) assessequitywithagent-basedmodels. ForPathway1,wesummarizeexistingguidancewithintheparticipatory modeling literature. For Pathway 2, we introduce the positionality and bias document as a tool to promote modeler and stakeholder reflexivity throughout the modeling process. For Pathway 3, we synthesize a typology of approaches for modeling equity and offer a set of preliminary suggestions for best practice. By engaging with these action pathways, modelers both reduce the risks of inadvertently perpetuating inequity and harness the opportunities for ABM to play a larger role in creating a more equitable future.