FLUORINE ANALYSIS IN BIOGENIC AND GEOLOGICAL APATITE BY ANALYTICAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND NUCLEAR REACTION ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT In this paper we present fluorine analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM-EDX) and measurement of concentration profiles by nuclear reaction analysis with a proton beam (PIGE and microPIGE) on various archaeological bone and dentine material. Fluorine is present as trace element in modern bone and dentine (100–1000 ppm) whose mineral phase consists of a poorly crystalline hydroxylapatite (Ca10(PO4)6 − x(CO3)x(OH)2+x). During the burial time, archaeological bone and dentine accumulate F in the apatite structure. TEM-EDX can evidence fluorine accumulation on a very localised, nanometric scale if its concentration exceeds 1 wt.%. On the contrary, PIGE and microPIGE permit detection of fluorine with a high sensitivity (limit of detection 30 ppm) on a microscopic or macroscopic level. Its spatial resolution can be of 10 µm, but is, however, insufficient to resolve the distribution of fluorine within the bone and dentine apatite nanocrystals. We show the complementarity of the information delivered by each technique on examples of ancient bone and dentine remains from different archaeological and geological sites, dating from the Neolithic Age to the Miocene. Furthermore, the potential to reveal detailed diagenetic changes of bone material of TEM-EDX and of PIGE is evaluated. This is important for the determination of information on the life style of prehistoric societies. Specifically, we show different steps of F enrichment depending on the age and the environment of the samples. Nevertheless, the fluorine content cannot be correlated to the age of the specimens, and high variations have been observed within one bone sample.