Gallbladder Wall Thickness-Based Assessment of Organ Congestion in Patients With Heart Failure.

Background: Diffuse gallbladder (GB) wall thickening is caused by elevated systemic venous pressure, such as heart failure (HF). This study investigated the relationship between GB wall thickness (WT) and HF, and the prognostic impact of GBWT. Methods and Results: This prospective study included 116 patients with HF and 11 healthy controls. Among the 116 patients, 30 with GBWT measurements in the postprandial state or a history and/or signs of GB disease were excluded. The remaining 86 patients had significantly higher GBWT than the controls (median [interquartile range {IQR}] 2.0 [1.7-2.4] vs. 1.3 [1.1-1.6] mm, respectively; P<0.001). GBWT was significantly correlated with B-type natriuretic peptide (r=0.386, P<0.001), left atrial volume index (r=0.452, P<0.001), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r=-0.311, P=0.006). GBWT also exhibited a stepwise increasing relationship with increasing HF stage (Stage B, 22 patients, median [IQR] 1.8 [1.7-2.1] mm; Stage C, 60 patients, 2.0 [1.8-2.5] mm; and Stage D, 4 patients: 4.0 [3.5-4.5] mm). In Stage C or D HF patients, 11 hospitalizations for HF were observed over a median follow-up of 303 days (IQR 125-394 days). Furthermore, the rate of hospitalization events for HF was significantly higher in the high (≥3 mm) than low GBWT group (P=0.007). Conclusions: GBWT can be used to assess organ congestion in patients with HF.