Number Representation and Arithmetic in the Human Brain

The human brain as a platform for number representation and arithmetic is a complex system that involves a large bilateral network spanning multiple aspects of cognition. Numbers are encoded in the so-called “triple code” that entails verbal, quantitative, and written forms. A healthy individual's brain typically activates these regions in various capacities when performing calculations with multiplication vs. addition, exact computation vs. approximation, and large vs. small operands. In comparison to artificial systems, a human brain is likely to rely more on memorization than counting or sequential arithmetic. This review is motivated by the fact that all the attributes just cited hold potentially valuable lessons for computer engineers aiming for compact, efficient, and energy-frugal system design.