Estimating head and frictional losses through pipe fittings in building water distribution systems

By extending pipe length by equal increments, with corresponding increments in number of sanitary appliances and total water flow rates to a water distribution system of a building, fractions of the total frictional loss throu-gh pipe fittings for varying work complexities were obtained. The fractions varied from 0.342 to 0.377 as the pipe length increased from 28.3 m to 68.3 m with corresponding increase in number of appliances from 8 to 48 and total water flow rate from 0.60 L/s to 2.24 L/s. The fractions were applied for quick estimation of head los-ses in building water distribution networks.